Improvement of Seeds Germination of Carob Trees (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) by Using Different Treating Methods

• Sami Mohammed Salih

  Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya

  Author

• Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq

  Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya

  Author

This study was conducted at the Faculty of Science / Omar Al-Mukhtar University to improved the tree seeds germination of  Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) wild and cultivated by using a number of different treatments, inclued the treatment of soaking in hot water for periods (20, 40 and 60) minute, scarified mechanical, scarified mechanical with soaking in distilled water, and scarified mechanical soaking in gibberellin 500ppm, without scarifying and with soaking in gibberellin concentrations 750, 1000, and 1250pmm, and with soaking in concentrations 50, 70, and 90%  Of sulphruic acid. The treatment of scarifying with soaking in gibberellin 500ppm was moer efficiency than all treatments with germination percentage (98%), germination time (2.88 day), and the best averages of germination index, as root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the seedling. While the lowest germination percentage and longest germination time was was recorded treatment of soaking in different concentrations of gibberellin. The results showed no significant differences between wild and planted Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds for studied traits. The study concluded that the treatment of Ceratonia siliqua L.seeds by scarifying with soaking in gibberellin 500ppm was the most efficient in improving germination.

Ait Chitt, M. Belmir, M. and Lazrak, A. (2007). Production des plantes sélectionnées et greffées du caroubier. Transfert de technologie en Agriculture, No.153, IAV Rabat, pp.1-4.

Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T. (1990). Improvement of salt tolerance in maize by selection and breeding. Plant Breeding. 104: 101-107.

Battle,I. and Tous ,J. (1997). Carob tree. Ceratonia Siliqua L. Promoting the conservation and Use of Under-Utilised and neglected crops 17. Institute of plant Genetic and crop plant research, Gatersleben/ International plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, 22pp.

Biner, B. Gubbuk, H. Karham, M. Aksu, M. and Pekmeczi, M. (2007). Sugar Profiles of the pods of cultivated and eild type of carob bean (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 100(4), 1453 1455.

Bostan, S. Z. and kilic, D. (2014). The Effects Of Different Treatments On Carob (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Seed Germination Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences Special, 1(25),706-708.

Das, M. Sharma, M. and Sivan, P. (2017): Seed Germination and Seedling Vigor Index in Bixa orellana and Clitoria ternatea. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 5 (5), 15-19.

Ekinci K., Yilmaz D., Ertekin C. (2010) Effects of moisture content and compression positions on mechanical properties of carob pod (Ceratonia siliqua L.). African Journal of Agricultural Research,. 5, 1015–1021.

El Deen, E. M. Z. El -Sayed, O. M. El -Sayed A. I. and Hegazi, G. A. (2014). Studies on carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) propagation. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 7(5), 31-40.

El-Bakkosh, A. M. (2013). Breaking seed dormancy of some ornamental trees by different chemical and physical treatments. African Journal of Biology, 9 (1),221-228.

Ganatsas, P. Tsakaldimi, M. and Thanos, C. (2008). Seed and cone diversity and seed germination of Pinus pinea in Strofylia Site of the Natura 2000 Network. Biodiversity and Conservation 17,2427–2439.

Geraldo, D. Correia, P. J. Filipe, J. and Nunes, L. (2010). Carob-tree as CO2 sink in the carbon market. In Advances in Climate Changes, Global Warming, Biological Problems and Natural Hazards؛ WSEAS Press: Faro, Portugal, 119–123.

Ghodrat, V. and Rousta, M. J. (2012). Effect of priming with gibberellic acid (GA3) on germination and growth of corn (Zea mays L.) under saline conditions. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(13), 882-885.

Gubbuk, H. Gunes, E. Ayala-Silva, T. and Ercisli, S. (2011). Rapid vegetative propagation method for Carob.Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 39(1), 251-254.

Gunes, E. Gubbuk, H. Silva, T. A. Golzlekci, S. and Ercisli, S. (2013). Effects of Various Treatments on Seed Germination and Growth of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany,45(4), 1173- 1177.

Hartmann, H.T. Kester, D. L. Davies, F.T. and Geneve, R. L. (2002). Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Pearson Education limited, New Jersey, 880 P.

Janick, J. and Paull, R. E. (2008). The encyclopedia of fruits and nuts. CAB International. Cambridge, MA: 387-396.

Karaguzel, O. Baktir, I. Cakmakci, S. Ortacesme, V. Aydınoglu B. and Atik. M. (2002). Effects of scarification methods, temperature and sowing date on some germination characteristics of Lupinus varius L. 2nd National Congress on Ornamental Plants, October 22-24, Citrus and Greenhouse Research Institute, Antalya, Turkey, 40-47.

Lamlom, S. H. and Abdalrasol, E. M. (2016). Effects of various pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) from Al-Jabal AlAkhdar area (Balagrae, Al-Baida, Libya). Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 9, (9). pp.16-24.

Manso, T. Nunes, C. Raposo, S. and Lima-Costa, M. E. ( 2010). Carob pulp as raw material for production of the biocontrol agent P agglomerans PBC-1, Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology, 37, 1145-1155.

Mansour, w. (2013). The Effect of Some Mechanical and Chemical Treatments on Carob Seeds (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Germination. Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series. 35 (6), 89-100.

Moradi Dezfuli, P. Sharif-zadeh, F. and Janmohammadi, M. (2008). Influence of priming techniques on seed germination behavior of maize inbred lines (Zea mays L.). Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 3(3),22-25.

Naikawadi, V. B. Ahire, M. L. and Nikam, T. D. (2012). Seeds characterization, Viability and Promotion of Seed Germination in Nervine Tonic Plant Evolvulus alsinoids Linn., The Asia and Australian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology. 6 (1), 5-11.

Perez-Garcia, F.(2009). Germination characteristics and intrapopulation variation in carob(Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds Spanish, Journal of Agricultural Research, 7, 398-406.

Piotto, B. Bartolini, G. Bussotti, F. Calderón García, A. A. Chessa, I. Ciccarese, C. Ciccarese, L. Crosti, R. Cullum, F. J. Di Noi, A. García-Fayos, P. Lambardi, M. Lisci, M. Lucci, S. Melini, S. Muñoz Reinoso, J. C. Murranca, S. Nieddu, G. Pacini, E. Pagni, G. Patumi, M. García, F. P. Piccini, C. Rossetto, M. Tranne, G. and Tylkowski, T. (2003). Fact Sheets on The Propagation of Mediterranean Trees and Shrubs From Seed. Seed propagation of mediterranean trees and shrubs. Rome, APAT – Agency for the Protection of the Environment and for Technical Services, 11-51pp.

Prajapati, V. D. Jani G. K. Moradiya N. G. Randeria N. P. Nagar B. J. Naikwadi N. N. and Variya B. C. (2013). Galactom -annan: A versatile biodegradable seed polysaccharide. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 60,83-92.

Reynolds, M. P. Singh, R. P. Ibrahim, A. Ageeb, O. A. A. Larquesaavedra A. and Quik J. S. (1998). Evaluating physiolo gical traits to complement empirical selection of wheat in warm environ -ments. Euphytica, 100(1-3), 85-94.

Romano, H. Barros, S. and Martins-Loucao, M. (2002). Micropropagation of Mediterran -ean tree Ceratonia siliqua L. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 68, 35-41.

Sharma, R. K. Sharma, S. and Sharma, S. S. (2006). Seed germination behavior of some medicinal plants of Lahaul and Spiti cold desert (Himachal Pradesh): implications for conservation and cultivation. Current Science 90(8), 1113–1118.

Tsakaldimi, M. and Ganatsas, P. (2001). Treatments improving seeds germination of two Mediterranean sclerophyll species Ceratonia siliqua and Pistacia lentiscus. In: Proceedings of the Third Balkan Scientific Conference on Study, Conservation and Utilization of Forest Resources, Sofia Bulgaria, II, 119-127.

Tsakalidi, A. L. and Barouchas, P. E. (2011). Salinity, chitin and GA3 effects on seed germination of chervil (Anthriscus cerefo- lium). Australian Journal of Crop Science, , 5(8), 973-978.

Yıldız, A. (1995). Propagation of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) by different methods. (PhD Thesis). Çukurova University, Institute of Science, Department of Horticulture, 197 p.

• PDF (Arabic)

Copyright (c) 2021 Sami Mohammed Salih , Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

Copyright of the articles Published by Almukhtar Journal of Science (MJSc) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJSc a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSc as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJSc website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article).