The Decline of the Umayyad Dynasty during the Caliphate Era

Abstract

Ownership of agricultural land during the Umayyad era was considered a profitable investment for its owners. As the Umayyads were interested in developing their economic resources and private wealth, they embarked on the formation and ownership of large estates, leading to the emergence of what is known as the "Loss of the Umayyads." This term encompassed not only the estates but also other properties owned by the Umayyads that yielded profits, such as houses, shops, mills, and more. The Umayyads had means through which they acquired and managed these estates. This study discusses the various types of agricultural land during the time of the Rashidun Caliphs, then delves into the methods employed by the Umayyads in forming the estates, utilizing mostly the previously mentioned types of land. It also explores the reciprocal relationship between the formation of Umayyad estates and the spread of urbanization during their era. The research concludes by examining the management of these estates.