Al-Mukhtar Journal of Social Sciences (MJSSc) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to the dissemination of high-quality research in the field of social sciences, published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Since its establishment in 2003, the journal has published original articles in Arabic, English, and French, and is issued two times per year. MJSSc welcomes contributions from global researchers and provides a cost-free platform for publishing, supporting scholarly exchange without financial or accessibility barriers. The journal is available in both electronic and print versions, with printed copies issued upon request. Open Access Policy As an open-access journal, MJSSc offers immediate and unrestricted access to all published content. Readers and institutions can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to articles freely, ensuring that research is accessible to all without limitations. Aims and Scope MJSSc aims to promote scientific contributions across the diverse disciplines of the social sciences. The journal encourages interdisciplinary approaches and seeks to integrate various research perspectives to advance understanding in the field.
Copyright of the articles Published by Almukhtar Journal of Social Science (MJSSc) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJSc a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSSc as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJSSc website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article).
Spatial Analysis of Climatic Comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, according to Oliver’s Index
This study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of bioclimatic comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, located in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, using Oliver’s Temperature–Humidity Index (THI). The research integrates climatic data from the NASA POWER project for the period 1981–2023 with remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 and ASTER DEM) to derive key environmental variables, including vegetation cover (NDVI) and topographic characteristics (elevation and slope). Data processing and analysis were carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results reveal pronounced spatial and temporal variability in bioclimatic comfort levels. Cold discomfort conditions dominate during winter and spring across most of the basin, while heat stress prevails in summer, particularly in July and August. Autumn represents a transitional season. The analysis also indicates a strong correlation between reduced bioclimatic comfort, higher elevations, and sparse vegetation cover. The study highlights the need for climate-adaptive tourism and urban planning strategies to support sustainable environmental and tourism development in the region.
Oliver's Temperature-Humidity Index (THI)
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
University Students’ Attitudes toward Media Bias in Libyan Satellite Channels: A Field Study”
This study aims to explore the attitudes of Libyan university youth towards media bias in Libyan satellite channels, and to analyze the extent of their awareness of this bias and its impact on their stances regarding national and societal issues. The study adopted a descriptive survey methodology, applying a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of 400 male and female students from Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The results revealed that the majority of students are aware of media bias, especially political bias, and that Libya Al-Hadath channel is the most followed among them. The results also showed that the way news is presented somewhat affects students' opinions and their awareness of national issues, and that there is a variation in the level of trust in news content among channels. The study recommends that Libyan satellite channels should focus on neutrality and objectivity in their media discourse, and avoid biased methods that may lead to a loss of credibility among the public, while emphasizing the importance of enhancing critical awareness among youth towards media content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeid Shanan, Hanan Shabah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The level of social support for academically outstanding students: A comparative study between students at the Center for Excellence and outstanding students in public schools.
The study aimed to investigate the level of social support among a sample of academically gifted students enrolled in the Gifted Center and those in public schools in the city of Al-Bayda. It also sought to examine the significance of differences in social support levels according to gender and type of school. The sample consisted of 100 male and female students. The Social Support Scale, developed by Asmaa Al-Oraybi and Amani Abdel-Maqsoud (2001), was used. The results indicated a high level of social support among gifted students overall. Furthermore, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences in the level of social support based on gender, except in the dimension of satisfaction with support, which favored male students. However, statistically significant differences were found in the level of social support based on the type of school, in favor of students in public schools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hosnya Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The development of commercial activity along the Benghazi-Wadai Road (1809-1909)
This research aims to study the development of trade along the Benghazi-Wadai Road between 1809 and 1909. This research explores the development of the road, its opening, and the impact it had on the policies of the Wadai Sultans during the first half of the nineteenth century. The research also examines the relationship between the Senussi and the Wadai Court during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century, its impact on trade along the road, and the volume of trade between Benghazi and Wadai, as well as the most important commodities exchanged. The research concludes with important findings that demonstrate that this road did not stabilize until after the mid-nineteenth century, that the peak of trade along the road occurred in the last quarter of the century, and that trade along the road lasted longer than any other route linking the Sahara to the Mediterranean.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ubaidullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Separate Accusative Pronouns in the Holy Quran, A Grammatical and Semantic Study
This research aims to explore the semantic implications of the use of disjunctive object pronouns in the Holy Qur’an. The use of the disjunctive form represents a departure from the common purpose of pronouns in general, which is to achieve brevity and conciseness in speech. For this reason, the attached pronoun is more natural to the Arab speaker and closer to their linguistic instinct. Thus, whenever the attached form is possible, the disjunctive form is not used except for specific semantic and rhetorical purposes. It is well known that the language of the Qur’an is distinguished by its precision in the choice of words and structures, which is among the reasons for its inimitability. This motivated us to examine the motives behind the use of the disjunctive pronoun in this divine style of eloquence, which can be summarized in restriction and specification, emphasis on the pronoun itself, or its occurrence as a dependent element following a word that separates it from its governing word.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samera Bin Amour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reality of Implementing E-Management at the Social Security Institution in Al-Bayda (A Case Study)
This study aims to evaluate the reality of implementing e-management at the Social Security Institution in Al-Bayda, while examining differences in employees’ perspectives according to age, educational qualification, and experience, as well as measuring the impact of digital transformation on institutional performance and the challenges it faces. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach and the case study method, targeting a random sample of 50 employees. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed statistically significant differences at the 0.01 level in favor of adopting e-management, alongside challenges such as weak infrastructure, limited digital skills, resistance to change among older age groups, and high costs. The study recommended developing infrastructure, keeping pace with technological advancements to integrate artificial intelligence in business intelligence systems, enhancing cybersecurity, and implementing intensive training programs to improve employees’ competencies, especially those with less digital experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Al-Mawwi, Faraj Mahmoud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Title and poetic text: A reading of the poetry collection "Yati al-Aashiqoun Ilaik" by the poet Muhammad al-Fayturi
This article seeks to examine the relationship between the title and the poetic text in Yati al-Aashiqoun Ilaik (The Lovers Come to You), a poetry collection by Muhammad al-Fayturi. The study is conducted through two approaches: first, by exploring the possible connections between the collection’s main title and the titles of its individual poems; and second, by investigating the semantic fields of the title’s vocabulary within the poems of the collection. The analysis also extends to what we call the “narrow text,” namely, the title at the level of the poem’s own structure—whether the poem consists of a single title divided into several numbered sections, or into multiple segments separated by visual semiotic markers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Senussi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Factors Affecting Classroom Interaction in the (EFL) Libyan Context
This article examines factors affecting classroom interaction in the Libyan EFL context, emphasizing its vital role in language acquisition. Interaction is defined as the real-time correspondence between teacher and students. Establishing a positive classroom atmosphere is crucial for student progress, largely dependent on the teacher's role. The article is divided into three sections. The first defines interaction, discusses various interaction types and their advantages and disadvantages, and outlines the roles of both teachers and learners in creating opportunities for language acquisition. The second section presents key factors influencing classroom interaction and student progress, selected for the Libyan context but potentially applicable to other EFL settings. The third section discusses specific characteristics of classroom interaction that teachers can employ to foster a positive environment, enabling students to develop their interactive performance. The study argues that awareness of these elements is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of EFL classroom interaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Liala Hamed Imbarik Bawod (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Secondary Schools in Al Bayda: A Study of Spatial Distribution and Adequacy Levels by Locality
This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of public secondary schools in Al-Bayda city and to assess their adequacy and geographic equity in meeting the population’s needs. The research employed an integrated methodology combining descriptive and quantitative analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistical tools, such as the Average Nearest Neighbor, Standard Distance, and Directional Distribution. Data were collected from multiple sources, including Google Earth Pro, to establish an accurate spatial database. The results revealed significant disparities in the spatial distribution of schools, with 54.55% concentrated in the Al-Ghreeqa district, while areas such as Al-Bayda West and the Old Zawiya suffered from a complete absence of secondary schools. Statistical analysis indicated that the distribution pattern is dispersed and non-random, with a clear concentration in the central and eastern parts of the city, reflecting a deficiency in geographic equity and affecting accessibility to educational services. The study also highlighted the need to reconsider and redesign the spatial distribution of schools to accommodate population growth and future educational requirements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadel Ashuor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Barqa Tribes in Supporting the Senussi Order in Libya 1840-1930 AD
This research aims to highlight the role of the Barqa tribes in supporting the Senussi order, from the arrival of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi in 1840 AD until the end of the order's military role in confronting foreign invasion in 1930 AD. The research concludes that the Barqa tribes and their sheikhs played a vital and important role in welcoming the sheikh of the order, adopting his ideas and approach, and even supporting him and joining his order. This support was manifested in several areas, including political, economic, and social.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghalia Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cognitive Control Strength among General Secondary School Students in the City of Derna: An Analytical Study
The study aimed to assess the level of cognitive control among high school students in the city of Derna, considering gender, grade level, and academic track. The sample consisted of 300 students from the second and third grades of high school, representing both the scientific and literary tracks. The study employed a descriptive approach using Stevenson’s (1998) Cognitive Control Scale. The results indicated significant differences in the overall score of the scale, with no substantial differences related to gender or grade level, except for the first dimension, where males outperformed females. Additionally, students in the scientific track outperformed those in the literary track in both the first and second dimensions. The study concluded that the academic track is a relatively influential factor in certain aspects of cognitive control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Idrees, Hamad Atiya Suleiman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study of the manuscript "Training the Learner on Ladder Logic" by Rahuma bin Muhammad al-Sari
This research examines a manuscript by one of the Libyan scholars, Sheikh Rahoma Muhammad al-Sari, entitled "Training the Learner on the Logic of the Ladder." In it, the author provides a detailed explanation of the text "The Ladder of the Ladder" by the scholar Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad al-Saghir al-Akhdari, which deals with the science of logic. It addresses some linguistic issues, while clarifying the overall meaning. This study consisted of an introduction and two sections. The first section talked about Sheikh Rahoma Al-Sari, his biography and his writings, while the second section dealt with studying the manuscript and introducing it, explaining through it its name and attribution to its author, its subject, a description of the manuscript, its sources, and the author’s methodology. It became clear that the author was committed to taking from the sources he stated in the introduction to his manuscript. He did not deviate from them except in what God opened for him in some linguistic matters. He also did not make many digressions during the explanation because he described his explanation as a nice explanation, and it was as he said.
Copyright (c) 2025 Miftah Al-Hamziyah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of the Maxim ‘Conduct toward Subjectsis Contingent upon Public Interest’ in Contemporary Islamic Political Jurisprudence
Public interest serves as a well-defined guiding principle employed by rulers, politicians, and leaders in governing the affairs of the nation and ensuring its welfare. From this standpoint, the jurists of Islamic law formulated the legal maxim stating that “the ruler’s actions toward his people are contingent upon the public interest.” This maxim is, in fact, one of the most important principles in the field of Islamic governance (al-siyāsah al-sharʿiyyah), as it constitutes the foundation for deriving rulings on newly emerging issues and unprecedented cases for which there is no explicit text in the Qur’an or the Sunnah. Contemporary legal systems contain numerous applications rooted in this very principle, such as the expropriation of private property for public benefit, and the presumption of criminal intent in certain types of crimes.
Islamic Governance (al-siyāsah al-sharʿiyyah)
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdallah Muhammad Abdulqader (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Imam Malik's approach to citing the etiquette of the people of Medina and Imam al-Shafi'i's criticism of it
This study examines a fundamental jurisprudential disagreement between two prominent methodological approaches in Islamic legal theory: Imam Mālik’s reliance on the practice of the people of Madinah as an independent source of legislation, and Imam al-Shāfiʿī’s critique of that principle. The study aims to define the concept of the practice of the people of Madinah, present the evidences cited by Imam Mālik, and analyze the reasons that led him to prioritize it over solitary reports (khabar) due to its practical connection to transmitted Sunnah and its communal continuity, which lends it strength in authenticity and indication. The study also explores the legal foundations adopted by Imam al-Shāfiʿī and highlights his rejection of considering the practice of the people of Madinah as an independent proof. He maintains that such practice is only valid if it reveals an established evidence from the Qur’an, Sunnah, or consensus, and should not be preferred over solitary reports
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaheen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
University Students’ Reliance on Artificial Intelligence Tools and Its Relationship with Academic Achievement and Analytical Thinking
This study aims to examine the extent to which students in the scientific faculties at the University of Derna rely on artificial intelligence (AI) tools and to analyze their relationship with academic achievement and analytical thinking. The study employed a descriptive-analytical correlational approach and was conducted on a sample of 209 students using a questionnaire consisting of two axes: the use of AI tools and faculty members’ attitudes toward this usage. The instrument’s validity and reliability were verified and reviewed by experts. Findings revealed that students’ use of AI tools reached 57.9%, indicating a high level of utilization, with statistically significant differences based on specialization but not on GPA. Results also showed a strong positive correlation between the use of AI tools and students’ analytical thinking. Faculty members emphasized the importance of using such tools under academic supervision and educational guidance. The study recommends directing students toward responsible and conscious use of AI, while enhancing the role of faculty members in guiding and monitoring this process to strengthen analytical thinking and academic achievement.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatma Saad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Difficulties Encountered by Libyan EFL Students to Speak English Fluently: The Case of the Fourth-Year Students, English Department, Omar Al-Mukhtar University
Fluency remains a major challenge for many Libyan students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL), particularly at the university level. Despite years of English instruction, many students struggle to express themselves fluently and confidently, which negatively affects their academic performance and future career prospects. This study investigates the psychological and educational factors influencing oral English fluency among 29 fourth-year Libyan EFL students at Omar Al-Mukhtar University (OMU) in Al-Bayda City. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining quantitative and qualitative data collected through a questionnaire and classroom observations. The results were analyzed and presented using percentages. The findings indicate that no single factor alone significantly affects students’ oral fluency; rather, fluency is shaped by the interaction of multiple factors. Educational factors include student absenteeism, lecturer-dominated classrooms, limited vocabulary knowledge, grammatical errors, reliance on the mother tongue, insufficient English practice, classroom activities, and instructional resources. Psychological factors include fear of making mistakes, introverted personality traits, low motivation, and lack of self-confidence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alaa Abdulrahman, Salah Adam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Political, Economic, and Scientific Impacts of the Ghuzz Tribes' Rebellion in Khurasan (548-552 AH / 1153-1157 AD)
The rebellion of the Ghuzz tribes contributed to a shift in the political balance, especially after Sultan Sanjar and his advisors failed to unite in confronting their criminal actions. The psychological nature of these tribes emerged clearly in their defiance of authority and their role in inciting sedition. The rebellion also led to a deterioration in economic conditions, widespread famine, and mass migration due to violence and killings. Furthermore, scholars and jurists clashed with the Ghuzz over their actions, which contradicted both religious doctrine and knowledge. Despite religious admonitions and sincere counsel, the Ghuzz were not deterred from their wrongdoing and crimes.
Copyright (c) 2025 أسامة الشيلابي (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Migration and Agricultural Dynamics in the Tafrata Plain: Relationships, Repercussions, and Challenges for Rural Development
The phenomenon of migration is considered one of the problems of the current era. The increasing growth of migration in its various forms has prompted a group of researchers to investigate the factors that drive human groups to move outside their geographical area. This spatial mobility is no longer limited to movement from one place to another; rather, it has begun to affect multiple levels, particularly the agricultural level, which in turn impacts the socio-spatial and economic structure of the original rural community. These effects are particularly evident in areas suffering from social fragility. This study examines migration and agricultural dynamics in the Tafrata Plain in northeastern Morocco, shedding light on the relationships and interactions between them and their implications for socio-spatial and economic transformations and the organization of the rural area in general.
socio-spatial and economic transformations
Copyright (c) 2025 Smail Bouguelba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teachers' Attitudes Towards the Integration of Students with Special Needs into Mainstream Schools
The current study aimed to identify teachers' attitudes toward the integration of student with special needs in mainstream schools, and their relationship to the following variables: gender, age, educational level, social status, and school they work on. The Attitude Scale Towards Integrating students with Disabilities into Regular Schools, prepared by Shaqir (2003), was used. The sample consisted of (78) teachers from Zaid bin Thabit School and Al-Shahid Attia Haslouk School in the Shahat city. They were selected using a proportional stratified random sampling method. The results revealed statistically significant differences in teachers' attitudes toward the inclusion students with special needs in public schools, the highest frequency of responses was neutral attitudes by (64.1%), followed by positive attitudes by (33.3%), while the lowest frequency was negative attitudes by (2.6%). Statistically significant differences in these attitudes were found according to gender and the school they work in, while no statistically significant differences were found according to age, educational level, and marital status.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hind Bader (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Components for establishing Natural Reserves in an area extending from Karsa in the east to Sousa in the west in Green Mountain (a case study)
This study addressed the area extending from karsa in the east to sousa in the west in green mountain region, identifying the factors that qualify certain area to be a natural reserve and the extent to which these factors apply to the study area, this was achieved through field studies, distributing questionnaires to tourists and visitors in the region, and residents, the study concluded that the region possesses the factors that qualify it to be a natural reserve, however the region suffers from unsustainable and unorganized human exploitation of its natural resources, which negatively affects its biodiversity, the study recommended the region a natural reserve, involving local residents in its protection, and conducting periodic studies on biodiversity to monitor any changes that may occur.
Copyright (c) 2025 منير حمد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comma Placement Challenges Faced by Undergraduate Translation Students When Translating from English to Arabic: A Case Study at Omar El-Mokhtar University
This study examines the challenges faced by undergraduate translation students at Omar El-Mokhtar University in placing commas when translating from English into Arabic. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzed students’ performance on a translation task and collected supplementary data through a structured questionnaire. The quantitative results revealed notable difficulties: only 35% of students correctly used commas in non-restrictive clauses, while 28% applied serial commas appropriately. Overall, 42% of translations contained comma-related errors that affected clarity. Questionnaire findings showed that 78% of students had only partial awareness of English comma rules, and 65% reported low to moderate confidence in applying them. Major challenges included handling comma placement in complex sentences, transferring punctuation rules to Arabic, and distinguishing between different comma functions. Despite recognizing the importance of punctuation for translation quality, many students relied on intuition rather than formal rules. The study highlights the need for greater pedagogical emphasis on contrastive punctuation to enhance translation accuracy and coherence.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ola Yousef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Military Territory in Southern Tunisia: Its Boundaries and Management Mechanisms (1881–1956)
This article explores the French campaign in southern Tunisia and its subsequent occupation. It investigates the reasons behind adopting a military system to govern the region and traces the stages of establishing this new military administration. The article also outlines the territorial boundaries of the military zone and examines its human and natural characteristics. It then focuses on the Bureaus of Native Affairs, their roles, and their authority in managing the affairs of the local population and enforcing the French colonial agenda. The study concludes by addressing the bureaus’ violations of the locals’ rights, their control over everyday life, and the responses of the local population demanding the abolition of the military zone and the integration of the south into the system of civil administration, as was the case in other regions of the Tunisian Kingdom.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fayçal Jamil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Learning Styles Awareness in Libyan English Language Classrooms
Learning styles are the methods by which learning achieved effectively. Styles of learning along with multiple intelligences have been studied as important variables that affect the education process. The aim of this study is to analyze the teaching techniques and strategies that the Libyan English language teachers used and their relation to the learning styles. This study examines 10 fifth grade primary schools’ teachers in Albaidah city from different schools. Qualitative method was chosen to gather data through instrument namely observation. The purpose of using observation is to find out what learning style Libyan EL teachers utilize commonly and what are their implications on learning achievement. The findings of this research revealed a preference for teaching tactics that coincided with the instructors' dominant learning styles, which were mostly visual approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rabab Aldarasi, Marah Abubaker (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Requirements for implementing the Six Sigma methodology to improve the quality of operations in Libyan higher education institutions
This paper explores the Six Sigma methodology with a focus on its applicability for improving process quality in higher education institutions. The study highlights the concept of Six Sigma, its key features, and its various applications, emphasizing the growing necessity and importance of adopting modern approaches in higher education to enhance processes and services. The successful implementation of Six Sigma in universities depends on fulfilling essential requirements, including human, organizational, and technological prerequisites.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sadina Gabriel Ghaith, Dakhil Ali Dakhil, Hussein Salem Saeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The multifaceted role of Andalusian judges through the lens of Al-Muraqaba al-‘Ulya fīman Yastaḥiq al-Qaḍāʾ wa-l-Futyā by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nabāhī
This study examines the multifaceted role of Andalusian judges through the lens of Al-Muraqaba al-‘Ulya fīman Yastaḥiq al-Qaḍāʾ wa-l-Futyā by Abū al-Ḥasan al-Nabāhī. It explores their contributions across three key domains: scientific, social, and economic. Scientifically, the judges engaged in teaching, authorship, scholarly travel, and intellectual debate. Socially, they combated heresies and moral corruption, contributed to charitable efforts, supervised endowments and orphan affairs, and promoted virtue through public guidance. Economically, they played a role in regulating markets, managing public resources, and responding to economic crises through religious leadership and legal rulings. The study adopts a narrative-analytical approach and relies primarily on al-Nabāhī’s work, alongside other biographical sources. It concludes that the Andalusian judge was not merely a legal functionary, but a scholar, reformer, and social guide who exercised substantial influence in all aspects of public life.
Copyright (c) 2025 Warda A. Abdul Hamid, Faraj Omar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Marvelous Characters in Al-Faqih's Novels
This study explores the role of marvelous characters in shaping the narrative events in the works of the author Al-Faqih, and how their presence enriched the narrative structure, while also investigating their origins. The research's significance stems from offering a fresh perspective on Al-Faqih's literary output, highlighting the marvelous world—a prominent artistic theme in his literature that has not received sufficient in-depth study. Furthermore, this research connects Al-Faqih's work to Arab and local heritage, contributing to the revival of aspects of this tradition. The study reveals the interconnectedness of these characters: jinn are linked to sorcerers as their servants, and some Muslim jinn aid righteous saints. These characters are also connected to transformed beings, as jinn, by means of sorcerers, often transform humans into animals, while righteous saints restore the transformed to their original forms. Marvelous characters are also associated with animals; certain animals are sought as offerings for sorcerers or to expel evil spirits. Al-Faqih masterfully utilized these characters to create a marvelous narrative that evokes anxiety and confusion, transporting the reader from the familiar to the extraordinary.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arej khattab, Sulayman jadullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Preliminary Report on the Training Excavations at the Balagrae Settlement During the Spring Seasons of 2018 and 2019."
This report deals with the archaeological training excavations at the Balaghrai site during the spring 2018 and spring 2019 seasons, the purpose of which was to train the students of the Department of Archaeology on scientific archaeological detection, and how to document the archaeological objects and architectural structures revealed by the excavation work, according to the methodology of single-content excavation, and to train them on documentation by writing, drawing and photographing, which resulted in Writing these two reports documenting the architectural structures, archaeological deposits, collecting finds such as pottery and coins, trying to date them, and linking them with the revealed walls and architectural structures and the stratigraphic sequence represented in Trench H2, and comparing them with what was found in previous excavations, especially the excavations of Sidi Akhrebesh, we concluded from this that the site of these excavations reflects the historical periods from the beginning of the first century BC to the fifth century AD. This site also shows the stages of recovery during the first century to the middle of the second century AD, and the relapse by monitoring the natural disasters represented by the earthquake of 262 AD and the devastating earthquake that occurred in 365 AD, then the continuation of settlement after the middle of the fourth century until the middle of the seventh century AD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed T. Hassan, Fathallah Al-Haddad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Similarities and differences between the architectural elements of Byzantine churches in the Cyrenaica region
This study deals with the church buildings that were built in the Cyrenaica region during the Byzantine Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. These buildings are considered early examples of churches. This study relied on excavation reports and archaeological surveys conducted on churches that had not been excavated. The research methodology was to compare the architectural elements in these buildings and the building materials techniques. The results of this research are that the building materials were local, except for the marble and wood used in the ceilings, which were imported from the Mediterranean basin. The mosaic floors inside the churches were most likely laid by technicians who came from outside the region and trained the local church technicians. Also, the number of churches built east of Wadi al-Kuf were more than those built west of it. It can be concluded from the size of the rural churches and the amount of decoration in them that the economic situation in the region was prosperous during the fifth and sixth centuries AD.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed ebrahim Mohamed, Mohamed Abdrbba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Date Palm Cultivation in the Jaghbub Oasis: Prerequisites and Obstacles, 2023
This study is based on an attempt to shed light on palm cultivation in the Jaghbub Oasis and to identify the prerequisites that contribute to this and to identify some of the obstacles that negatively affect it, the most important of which is the absence of government support for this craft with the farmer's inability to cover the costs of cultivation in light of his limited income, which resulted in the neglect of palm trees and thus they became vulnerable to diseases and pests that spread corruption in the palm tree As for the climatic factors in the oasis, they are considered among the most important factors that positively affect palm cultivation. From this standpoint, the study recommends greater attention to the agricultural sector and appropriate support from the government to make the palm tree one of the most important economic resources in the country, especially since the palm fruit has a very great nutritional value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abu Ubaidah Huwail, Abu Bakr Saad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Party Conflict in Cyrene during the Republican Era and its Effects on the Region
The Greek cities in Greece witnessed a development in their political systems. Some of them had a system that moved from monarchy to aristocracy to democracy, as happened in the city of Athens. Others had systems whose development was limited only to the king and the aristocrats, i.e. a monarchy-aristocracy, as happened in the city of Sparta. The city of Cyrene in Libya inherited this political development in its constitutions from monarchy to aristocratic and democratic, then returned again to the rule of aristocrats only. This development was caused by the political parties and the conflict between them, which had a great impact on the future of the city of Cyrene and its region. The political development in the city-state of Cyrene was limited to the transition from monarchy to aristocratic rule, while the democratic system failed miserably in managing the city's governance, unlike the aristocrats who had political experience. This research relied on the narrative, analytical, and comparative approaches.
Copyright (c) 2025 Modallah Mansor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0