Spatial Analysis of Climatic Comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, according to Oliver’s Index

Abstract

This study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of bioclimatic comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, located in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, using Oliver’s Temperature–Humidity Index (THI). The research integrates climatic data from the NASA POWER project for the period 1981–2023 with remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 and ASTER DEM) to derive key environmental variables, including vegetation cover (NDVI) and topographic characteristics (elevation and slope). Data processing and analysis were carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results reveal pronounced spatial and temporal variability in bioclimatic comfort levels. Cold discomfort conditions dominate during winter and spring across most of the basin, while heat stress prevails in summer, particularly in July and August. Autumn represents a transitional season. The analysis also indicates a strong correlation between reduced bioclimatic comfort, higher elevations, and sparse vegetation cover. The study highlights the need for climate-adaptive tourism and urban planning strategies to support sustainable environmental and tourism development in the region.