Phytochemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) against Relevant Pathogens

Ahmed Ali  Mustafa; Ahmed Saeed  Kabbashi; Ahlam Mohamed  Keshar; Amel Mahmoud  Abdrabo; Wahaj M. Mohammed; Ahmed A. Elshikh

doi:10.54172/zkb9v172

Authors

Ahmed Ali Mustafa Department of Botany and Mi-crobiology, Faculty of Science, University of Gezira, Wad-madani, Sudan Author
Ahmed Saeed Kabbashi Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Libya. Author
Ahlam Mohamed Keshar Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya. Author
Amel Mahmoud Abdrabo 3Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medi-cine Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum, Sudan Author
Wahaj M. Mohammed Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, International University of Africa, Khartoum, Sudan Author
Ahmed A. Elshikh Department of Biology, Center for Human and Biological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, Brazil. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdur-man Islamic University, Omdur-man, Sudan. Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54172/zkb9v172

Keywords:

Syzygium Aromaticum, Clove, Phytochemical Analysis; Antimicrobial Activity, Agar Well Diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Antimicrobial Resistance

Abstract

The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel plant-derived antimicrobials. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of a methanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove). Qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and terpenoids. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated in vitro against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), one Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) using the agar well diffusion method. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory activity, with mean inhibition zones of 22.0 ± 0.04 mm, 20.0 ± 0.07 mm, 18.0 ± 0.01 mm, and 18.0 ± 0.02 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined to be 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli, 12.5 mg/mL for S. aureus, and 25 mg/mL for both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, the extract demonstrated superior activity against ampicillin-resistant E. coli compared to the standard antibiotic. These findings provide a robust phytochemical-activity correlation and demonstrate that the methanolic extract of S. aromaticum possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential as a source of natural antimicrobial leads.

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