Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences (MJBS) is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The journal is issued three times a year in English and is dedicated to publishing high-quality research in the field of basic sciences. It was established in 2015 under its former title, the Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences. As an open-access journal, MJBS provides immediate and unrestricted access to the full text of all published articles, free of charge to readers and institutions. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the published content without financial, legal, or technical barriers. The journal is also free of charge for authors and does not require any article processing charges (APCs) or publication fees.
Copyright of the articles Published by Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences (MJBS) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJBS a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJBS as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJBS website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article). All MJBS Published articles under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Effects of prior familiarity on female mate choice in the albino mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758): Olfactory and live-encounter tests reveal context-dependent decoupling
Familiarity influences mammalian behaviour and mating decisions, including inbreeding avoidance. This study investigated whether prior familiarity affects female mate choice in albino mice (Mus musculus) using two experimental contexts: odour-based tests and live-encounter tests. Female-female tests were included as social controls. Female responses were measured as the number of visits and the total time spent investigating each stimulus. In the odour tests, females spent more time investigating bedding from unfamiliar males than from familiar males (P = 0.000), whereas the number of visits did not differ (P = 0.813). Thus, initial approach behaviour was similar, but sustained interest favoured unfamiliar male odours. In live encounters, females visited unfamiliar males more frequently than familiar males (P = 0.000), but the time spent with each male did not differ significantly (P = 0.074). Female-female control tests produced a different pattern: females spent more time investigating bedding from familiar females (P = 0.000), whereas live female-female encounters showed no significant differences in visit rate (P = 0.792) or time spent (P = 1.000). These findings indicate that familiarity affects female mate choice in a context-dependent manner. Unfamiliar male odours elicited longer investigation, which is consistent with inbreeding avoidance; however, this preference did not translate into longer interaction time during live encounters. Male behaviour may have influenced these outcomes. The study highlights the need for multiple testing approaches to understand mate choice and shows that familiarity effects are more complex than previously assumed.
Familiarity, mate choice, Mus musculus, olfactory cues, inbreeding avoidance, dichotomous choice test
Copyright (c) 2026 Muna Agbali, Mansour Salem, Hana Faraj Abdalkaream (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Risk in Wheat Samples from Libyan Markets
Natural radioactivity has gained significant global attention due to its implications for human safety. As wheat is a staple constituent of the human diet, monitoring its radionuclide levels is essential for assessing internal radiation exposure. This study utilizes NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in wheat samples. The findings aim to establish a baseline for radiological safety and ensure compliance with international health standards. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 238U, 232Th, and 40K were found to be 38.92 Bq/kg, 43.04 Bq/kg, 45.02 Bq/kg, and 221.25 Bq/kg, respectively. Additionally, evaluation of radiological risk factors, such as radium equivalent activity and internal and external hazard indices, showed that these levels are within or below globally recommended safety limits.
NaI(Tl), Natural Radioactivity, Activity concentrations,
Copyright (c) 2026 Areej Ibrahim Hazawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Callistemon citrinus(Curt): HPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Its Association with the Biological Activity of Phytochemical Constituents
Hyperglycemia is a main metabolic disorder associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and plays a critical role in the growth of serious complications, including cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, and renal dysfunction. In current years, increasing attention has been directed toward natural products with low toxicity as alternative or complementary therapeutic agents, particularly medicinal plants rich in bioactive compounds capable of modulating glucose homeostasis. Callistemon citrinus is known as aappreciated source of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, compounds known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase.The current study aimed to characterize the phytochemical fingerprint of C. citrinus leaf extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity, and to explore the relationship between chemical composition and biological efficacy. Phenolic compounds were extracted using an aqueous–methanolic solvent system and identified through comparison with authenticated reference standards. In vitro assays were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the extract against α-amylase and α-glucosidase at different concentrations.HPLC analysis resulted in the separation and identification of nine major phenolic compounds, with quinic acid being the predominant constituent, accounting for 56.1% of the total phenolic content. The extract exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, reaching 82% inhibition at the highest tested concentration, while α-amylase inhibition reached up to 70%. Correlation analysis revealed a strong connotation between the high phenolic content, particularly quinic and cinnamic acids, and the observed enzyme inhibitory activity.
Callistemon citrinus ; Phytochemical ; Phenolic Compounds ; HPLC-DAD chromatogram ; Blood glucose
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Mohamed Emeetteg, Nizar Adim Dabr, Muftah Altayeab Krayem, Siham Mohamed Al-Shikindi, Mohammed Alwshish, Rania Farag Mohammed, Hajar Mohammed Qusaibat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) against Relevant Pathogens
The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel plant-derived antimicrobials. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of a methanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove). Qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and terpenoids. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated in vitro against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), one Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) using the agar well diffusion method. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory activity, with mean inhibition zones of 22.0 ± 0.04 mm, 20.0 ± 0.07 mm, 18.0 ± 0.01 mm, and 18.0 ± 0.02 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined to be 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli, 12.5 mg/mL for S. aureus, and 25 mg/mL for both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, the extract demonstrated superior activity against ampicillin-resistant E. coli compared to the standard antibiotic. These findings provide a robust phytochemical-activity correlation and demonstrate that the methanolic extract of S. aromaticum possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential as a source of natural antimicrobial leads.
Phytochemical Analysis; Antimicrobial Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Ali Mustafa, Ahmed Saeed Kabbashi, Ahlam Mohamed Keshar, Amel Mahmoud Abdrabo, Wahaj M. Mohammed, Ahmed A. Elshikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Scientific Knowledge and Attitudes towards Native Plants among Students of the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University
This study aimed to identify the level of scientific knowledge and attitudes towards native plants among students of the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University, Zliten, Libya, during the fall semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. The study investigated the level of awareness concerning plants in general and the concept of “plant blindness,” which refers to a lack of interest in plants. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to describe the intellectual and emotional state of the study sample, which consisted of 231 female students from the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University, selected using stratified sampling. A scientific knowledge test and an attitude scale based on the Likert scale were used to collect the required data. Several statistical methods were used to analyze the data, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, in addition to the independent-samples t-test to compare specializations in the sciences and humanities. The results showed that attitudes towards the preservation of native plants were high, with a mean of 3.79. There was no significant difference in attitudes towards native plants based on academic specialization in the sciences and humanities. There was also no statistically significant difference in scientific knowledge or attitudes towards native plants based on academic year at the 0.05 level.
Keywords: Scientific knowledge, attitudes, native plants, Faculty of Education, Al-Asmarya Islamic University.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najah Khalifa Mansour Al-ter (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cardiac Histopathological Changes Induced by N-acetyl-para-aminophenol and the Protective Effect of Vitamin C in Albino Rats
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (NAPA), or paracetamol, is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic; however, high doses can harm the heart, mainly through oxidative stress. This study aimed to examine the cardiac histopathological changes induced by NAPA and the protective effect of vitamin C (VC) in albino rats. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, VC (500 mg/kg b.w. for two weeks), NAPA (500 mg/kg b.w. for two weeks), (NAPA + VC) co-treated for two weeks, and a protective group that received VC for one week before NAPA exposure for one week. Histological examination showed that NAPA induced significant myocardial alterations, including disorganized myocardial fibers, cellular deterioration, and vascular congestion. Moreover, the co-treated rats displayed reduced histopathological alterations, while the protective group showed even stronger protection for cardiac tissue. These results suggest that VC exerts a cardioprotective effect against NAPA-induced heart injury, possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of VC as both a preventive and therapeutic strategy against NAPA-related cardiotoxicity.
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, Vitamin C, Cardiac tissue, Rats, Histo-pathology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahlaam M. Khalid, Ola A. Abdalally, Eda M.A. Alshailabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Synergistic Effects of Yeast and Humic Acid on Improving the Growth of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) Under Salinity.
Salinity is among the major abiotic stressors that limit plant productivity. Basil is an aromatic plant of economic importance, but it has low tolerance to salinity. Using organic compounds, such as humic acid (HA) and dry yeast (DY), can reduce the harmful effects of salinity. This environmentally friendly method mitigates the impacts of salinity. This research aimed to assess the influence of HA, DY, and their mixture on the development of basil. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design in three replicates, where the primary units were two salinity concentrations (0, 80 mM NaCl), and HA and DY solutions were distributed in the sub-plots. The results showed that salinity stress decreased (p<0.001) the growth traits of basil. The results showed that spraying with HA, DY, and their mixture resulted in higher values of all studied traits compared with unsprayed plants. Furthermore, the results showed that the HA + DY mixture was the most effective on growth, as indicated by higher values of all studied traits compared with other treatments. The results showed that HA and DY were of great importance as environmentally friendly fertilizers in improving the productivity of plants under stress. This could contribute to sustainable bioactive herb cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Ehtaiwesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Air Pollution Impact on Rainwater Quality in Tripoli City-Libya
This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the air pollution impacts on rainwater quality in the city of Tripoli during the rainy season extended from December 2023 to May 2024. A total of 167 samples were collected from seven selected locations, including two urban sites (Tripoli Center and Ras-Hassan area), in addition to five other sites representing the suburban areas which is (Souq Al-Jumaa, Al-Sabaa, Ain-Zara, Al-Khalla, and Al-Hadba Al-Mashrou). Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results showed that the levels of air pollutants containing acids and salts in the city rainwater were low and within the normal range according to the Libyan Water Quality Standards (2015) and the World Health Organization (2017). It was also found that, the highest levels of pollution were in dense urban areas, while they were low in suburban areas. Looking at the chronology, pollution rates peaked during April followed by May, reflecting the seasonal effects of weather factors, and the pollution during the spring is higher than in winter, due to the decrease in the number of rainfall and consequently the lower rates of wet sedimentation, rising temperatures, in addition to increasing the chances of exposure to windborne dust, which contains mineral, calcareous and salt particles, and a decrease in the rate of diffusion of marine salts. However, the city's rainwater remains within safe limits for various uses in drinking, agriculture and industry.
Air pollution, water Quality, rainfall, Acid rain
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Geath Eljadid, Mofida Ahmed Omran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of the Sawi Transform to Chemical Differential Equation Models
In order to solve mathematical models in chemical sciences, this study compares the performance of the Sawi transform with the traditional Laplace transform. A first-order differential equation for reaction-diffusion processes, a model with time-dependent coefficients to evaluate flexibility, and a second-order equation describing single-step reversible reactions are the three different scenarios to which the Sawi transform is applied. Our findings show that the Sawi transform preserves exact analytical consistency with the Laplace transform while successfully reducing algebraic difficulty in the transformation process. In particular, the study showed that the Sawi transform produces identical exact solutions to standard methods while handling variable coefficients with improved procedural efficiency. These results demonstrate that the Sawi transform is a reliable and mathematically straightforward substitute for simulating complex chemical processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghada Eshtewi, Hozan Hilmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity, Life Forms, and Distribution Patterns of Vascular Plants in Some Areas East of Al-Wuday‘ah District, Abyan Governorate, Yemen
This study investigates the floristic composition and ecological patterns of plant diversity within the semi-arid habitats of southern Yemen. Surveys conducted across 50 sites from 2020 to 2024 recorded 291 vascular plant species, encompassing 175 genera and 61 families. This reflects a notable richness in this understudied region. The flora was dominated by perennials (64.07%), with chamaephytes (39.66%) and therophytes (26.80%) being the most frequent life-forms. This distribution suggests a chamaephyte-therophytic phytoclimate that is well-adapted to arid conditions. Phytogeographical analysis revealed the prevalence of Sudano-Zambezian and Saharo-Sindian elements, which highlights the transitional nature and high ecological value of the area. These findings emphasize the crucial need for conservation and continuous ecological monitoring to protect Yemen's unique arid biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madleen Abdullah Obel, Mona Soliman Al-Wahaibiii, Rania F. M. Ali, Yaser Saeed Bahurmuz, Mohammed Abdullah Hussien, HanaA S. AL-Quhbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Corrosion Inhibition of carbon steel XC70 in two acidic media (0.1 N H2SO4 (and (0.1 N HCl) by weight loss method using Black Pepper Extract as corrosion inhibitor
Black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) extract and ecologically friendly inhibitor were employed in this investigation. According to the data, the corrosion rate in the hydrochloric acid medium (HCI) is greater than the corrosion rate in the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium. The corrosion rate of carbon steel varies depending on the corrosion medium. With an increase in inhibitor concentration, the percentage of inhibition increases. By using electron impact mass spectrometry, the mass fragmentation routes of several piperines from black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) were examined (EI-MS). Different intensities of the molecular ion peaks M+2 and M+ were captured. By successively losing simple functional groups, followed by the breakdown of the heterocycles attached to the pyrimidine ring, distinctive fragment ions were created.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma. Omar. Errayes, Ghazala. Abdullah Alshibani, Moftah Omar Darwish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The prevalence of serum selenium deficiency in lambs in Al-Gabal Al-Akhdar area
Selenium is a trace element incorporated into selenoproteins which are required for several biological functions. This study investigated the prevalence rate of selenium deficiency in the serum of 100 lambs of both sexes (76 males and 24 females), their ages ranged from 1 to 4 months. Considering the area of study, samples were collected from two areas in the Al-Gabal Al-Akdar including the mountainous and south mountain areas. Samples were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results showed that 12 % of lambs had a low level of selenium, 33% had a marginal level, and 55% had an adequate level. The prevalence rate in the age group of (1-2) months was significantly higher (56%) than in the age group (3-4 months). Selenium deficiency was more prevalent in 69% of samples collected from the mountainous areas. Selenium levels between both sexes did not differ significantly, although females had a higher prevalence level (54%) than males. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of selenium on the blood parameters
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Protective role of selenium against diclofenac sodium induce nephrotoxicity in female rats
Selenium is an essential trace mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. It increases antioxidant effects in the body. Diclofenac sodium is one of the world's most commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study aimed to evaluate the histological changes induced by diclofenac sodium on the kidney of adult female rat and evaluating the possible ameliorative role of selenium. Healthy female rat 4 month old weighting 140-235g were divided equally into four groups. The first group was received only distilled water and considered as control group. The second group animals were received selenium at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 21 days. Third group were receive diclofenac sodium at dose of 10mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 14 days. And the fourth group the animals were given same dose of selenium for 7 days, during the next two weeks, animals given same dose of diclofenac sodium. Histological examinations revealed that administration of diclofenac sodium only exhibited marked glomerular and tubular lesion included vacuolization and swelling the lining epithelium of tubules, inflammatory cells infiltration and hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue, necrotic or desquamation lining epithelium in the luminal tubules, intratubular esinophilic casts in some renal tubules, completely obscured or stenosis urinary space of renal corpuscles, shrinkage glomeruli of some renal corpuscles with widening urinary space, many glomeruli appeared with less cellularily, dilation and congestion blood vessels. In contrast administration of selenium along with diclofenac sodium induced ameliorating change in renal tissue of diclofenac sodium intoxicated rat.
Detection the incidence of Rota virus infection among children under eight years presenting with diarrhea
Acute diarrhea is a major cause of death worldwide in children and neonates. Rota virus is the most common cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis and diarrhea, especially in those countries that have not launched a Rota virus immunization program. The primary aim of the study was to detect the incidence of Rota virus infection among children in Al-Asiel Hospital, Al-Bayda City, Libya, from March 2021 to January 2022. Stool specimens from children under 8 years of age with gastroenteritis were examined using a qualitative immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Rota virus antigens. There were 100 samples from patients aged between 4 months − 8 years. The data analysis showed that 61% of diarrheal cases were positive for Rota virus antigens. Rota virus infections were mostly found in children between 5 and 11 months of age, as well as in children between one and 8 years of age. Most cases occurred in the winter. Laboratory testing should be undertaken to identify Rota virus in samples from sick children and babies, as the diagnosis of cases that was followed in most pediatric departments in medical clinics was based on clinical symptoms rather than an accurate laboratory diagnosis
A comparison study between morphological, anatomical and some elements in Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum
In this study, morphological and anatomical findings were studied. The two species showed great variation in phenotypic traits such as habit; Mentha piperita L is herbaceous, while Ocimum basilicum L is a shrubby plant. Blade length was 3.18 cm and 6.4 cm in M. piperita L and O. basilicum L. respectivly. The leaves are simple in shape, oval in O. basilicum L and the blade with a serrated edge is whole and compound in M. piperita L . The color of the leaves was dark green in M. piperita L while in O. basilicum L it was light green. The length of the roots of M. piperita L (21.6 cm), O. basilicum L (8.76 cm). The color of the flower is white in O. basilicum L and white to purplish in M. piperita L. On the fresh stems and roots of both species, they show their similarities and differences. Both species have square stems, and a cortex, epidermis, xylem, phloem, and phloem are found in the stem, as well as angular tissue cells in the cortex. However, Collenchyma tissues are spread more or less uniformly at the four corners of the stem in M. piperita L, in contrast to O. basilicum L which is spread all over the stem. The cortex in the femoral M. piperita is wide, and this is due to the presence of vacuole parenchyma tissue. The presence of stomata tissues in mint is due to the fact that the plants originate from soils that are waterlogged or partially submerged in water. The amounts of potassium in O. basilicum L and M. piperita L were variable, respectively (4.46) (4.01). Sodium, calcium, and phosphorous were found in M. piperita L (0.03, 1.53 and 0.59), and in O. basilicum L (0.56, 2.67 and 0.46) respectively. For phytochemicals, M. piperita L and O. basilicum L were similar in the presence or absence of secondary metabolites, except tannin is present in M. piperita L
A Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network can be pictured as a collection of wireless sensing nodes that are spatially spread in a sensing field. Acting as a data collecting devices, sensors can measure, communicate with each other, and relay data to the base station. The end user can consequently utilize the conveyed data to monitor and take the required actions based on the monitored environment. In this article, we present a performance comparison of two well-known routing protocols, namely, Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). Both DSDV and AODV are used in wireless sensor networks to aid sensor nodes communicate and transfer data from source to destination in an ad hoc multi-hop scenario. The network simulator NS3 is used for evaluation of both routing protocols. Four performance metrics are considered: Throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption. Simulation results showed that the AODV protocol achieved better performance than the DSDV protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.
Impact of water pollution with Heavy Metals on sea bream fishes) Sparus Aurata) Health in Marriott Valley
This research was conducted in the outskirts of Alexandria City, in Lake Marriott between December 2021 and June 2022. Samples of water and sea bream fish were brought from a fish farm. Through analysis of water and fish samples, it became clear that the water samples were poor due to the presence of high levels of ammonia and heavy metal such as cadmium and lead. And it resulted in stress for the fish and it was evident by the analysis of antioxidants that consider biological indicators of the lack of water and soil quality in which the fish live.
Identification and morphological characterization of two human and dog fleas species in Al-Wusita- Libya
Fleas (Siphonaptera) are holometabolus, flat-topped, wingless insects that are highly specialized as ectoparasites. Both adult sexes are blood-sucking ectoparasites that live on mammals and birds. As parasites and disease vectors, fleas are crucial to maintaining public health. Only a small portion of the 2.574 flea species that have been described live in close proximity to people. From it, only fifteen species have been recorded in Libya. The study was carried out in different locations in the Al-Wusita area, which is located north of Al-Bayda city in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhder area in North-Eastern Libya. A total of 56 fleas were collected randomly from different hosts (goats and dogs), whereas the examined cats had no fleas. All specimens were adults (32% males and 68% females) that belonged to two species: Pulex canis and Ctenocephalides canis. Among those, C. canis (79%) was collected from both goats and dogs, while P. irritans (21%) was collected from dogs. A microscopic examination of the morphological characteristics of P. irritans and C. canis revealed typical characteristics of both species; after matching it with the classification keys and previous studies that were conducted. Both species have medical and veterinary importance. Therefore, we must pay attention to fleas and prevent diseases transmitted by them by controlling dogs and vaccinating goats and other grazing animals.
Prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among patients at Al-Bayda Medical Center
Female genital tract tumors are common and cause significant cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of neoplasms according to their anatomical location depends on various cancer-associated predisposing factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among eastern Libyan females according to anatomical site and patient age. Gynecological specimens received in the pathology department of Al-Bayda Medical Center (AMC)-Libya, were studied, and the prevalence rate for each type of tumor was compared to regional and worldwide data. Retrospective hospital-based research to analyze data of 936 gynecological specimens diagnosed over six years (January 2014-January 2020) at the Department of Pathology, Libya. A total of 936 gynecological specimens were reviewed corresponding to patients between 15 to 70 years of age. The majority of cases (293 cases; 45.9%) were endometrial tumors, leiomyomas (190 cases; 26.9%), ovarian tumors (214 cases; 33.4%) and gestational trophoblastic diseases (21 cases; 3.2%). The least common tumors were uterine cervical tumors (15 cases; 2.1%). Benign tumors were most frequent in the second and fourth decades of life, while malignant neoplasms were most frequent from the fifth to eighth decades of life. Among eastern Libyan females from Al-Bayda region, the gynecological tumors with the highest incidence rate were endometrial tumors, followed by ovarian serous cystadenomas, then leiomyomas, gestational trophoblastic diseases and lastly uterine cervical tumors
Disease effects on individual exposure rates using Matlab tools for susceptibility-infection-recovery models
Infectious diseases with a viral origin are of significant worldwide concern. In recent times, pandemics are creating havoc across the entire globe. This paper presents a constructive analysis of a new mathematical concept that will help medical authorities to predict and to take controlling measures. In this work, we use ordinary first-order differential equations and compartmental model analysis for the calculation of the infection rate, transmission rate, and reproduction number of the patients. A new Advanced Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered model has been introduced, which has greater accuracy of the reproduction number. The prediction of a model of disease transmission demonstrates the performance characteristics of the proposed model.
Recovered model environmental compartment
Effect of chitosan on proteomics in Lens culinaris Medik plants grown under different levels of salinity in vitro.
The present study aimed to investigate molecular responses of Lens culinaris Medik. (L. culinaris) plantlets to salinity stress concomitant with investigating the role of exogenous bio-stimulants application strategy chitosan (CTS) in ameliorating the deleterious effect of salt stress. In vitro-produced plantlets of L. culinaris were treated with varying levels of NaCl (50, 100 and 150 mM) added to MS solid media and/or a long with CTS (0.1 mg L-1). The molecular level, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) for protein profile, was done. Analysing changes in SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns revealed a total number of 30 bands with molecular weights ranging from 15.2 KDa to 90.6 KDa. thirteen bands were observed as monomorphic, while seventeen bands were polymorphic, giving 43.33% polymorphism. Proteins banding was increased under salt stress compared to control induced as salt marker proteins.
An Assessment Of Water Quality For Ain Al-Fawara In Tolmeitha, Libya Using Physiochemical And Microbial Parameters
Ain Alfawarra is located in Tolmeitha in the northeastern coast of Libya and its water is utilized locally for livestock consumption. This study aimed to assess water contamination in this natural, surface water source. Chemical and biological analysis has been performed to determine the level of pollution at a private, certified laboratory. Chemical analysis include qualitative analysis of cations and spectrophotometric techniques. Microbial analysis, however, was performed using traditional cultivation techniques. Even though, this Ain has not been used for human consumption, its contamination still affects public health indirectly through probable leaking into ground water or spreading waterborne diseases among animals and through insects. Chemical analysis has shown high lead levels 0.028mg/L, exceeding the WHO permissible limit of 0.01mg/L. Biological analysis has shown high bacteria counts (total bacteria:>2419.6 CFU/mL; total coliform: 1100 CFU/100ml; E.coli:1100 CFU/100ml; Fungi:>300 CFU/ml; S.faecalis: 29.1 CFU/100 mL, all exceeding international safety limits. The findings of this study suggested restricting this area for both animal and human consumption, and then manage a hygienic plan. This area needs to be monitored biologically and chemically and then treated.
Water quality, environmental evaluation, natural water pollution, physiochemical and biological parameters, open-wells pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Abdugadar, Noura Abdulkarim, Osama Salim Mohammed, Habeb Mohammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Iterative Bayawa Transform-Adomian Decomposition Method for Solving Various Classes of Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equations.
Integral transforms can be directly applied to solve various classes of Volterra integral equations, including those with convolutional kernels and linear Volterra integro-differential equations. However, solving nonlinear Volterra and Fredholm integro-differential equations requires decomposing the integral transform with one of the established methods for solving integral equations, such as the Adomian Decomposition Method. In this paper, we demonstrate how the Bayawa integral transform, either independently or in combination with the Adomian decomposition method, can be employed to solve various classes of integral equations, depending on their type. To verify the method’s efficiency, we solve diverse examples of integral equations, obtaining exact or approximate solutions based on their complexity. The obtained results show that the iterative Bayawa transform-Adomian decomposition approach effectively solves a wide range of IEs.
Bayawa Transform, Adomian Decomposition Method, Volterra Inte-gral Equations, Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations, Volterra Integro-Differential Equations, Combined Bayawa Transform-Adomian Decomposition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haniyah A. M. Saed Saed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Guanidine as A Starting Martial for Preparing a Scale Inhibitor
This study presents the synthesis and evaluation of a novel phosphonate-based scale inhibitor using guanidine as the starting material. Given guanidine’s highly reactive nature and multiple substitution sites, it was chemically modified by introducing phosphonomethyl groups to enhance its scale inhibition capabilities. The synthesized compound was structurally characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometry, confirming successful substitution of three hydrogen atoms with phosphonate groups. The compound's performance was assessed through static scale inhibition tests at various temperatures (40°C, 60°C, and 70°C) for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, showing significant inhibition at concentrations as low as 20–30 ppm. Titration-based calcium analysis revealed inhibition efficiencies up to 100%. Additionally, the compound demonstrated good compatibility with calcium and acceptable seawater biodegradability over 28 days. These results suggest that the synthesized inhibitor is a promising candidate for environmentally safer and thermally stable scale control in industrial water systems.
Ecofriendly Dyeing of Silk, Cotton, and Nylon Fabrics Using Red Prickly Pear Fruit Extract and Natural Mordants.
Interest in natural dyes has increased as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic colorants within the textile industry. This study investigates the potential of red prickly pear fruits (Opuntia Lasiacantha Pfeiffer) as a novel source of natural dye. The research covers the extraction and chemical characterization of the dye, followed by an evaluation of its application on various textile substrate, including silk, cotton, and nylon fabrics using plant based mordants, pomegranate rind, thuja fruit and moringa leaves to enhance dye fixation and performance. The colorant was obtained through an aqueous based extraction and characterized via UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Fixation was tested on silk, cotton and nylon using exclusively plant mordant. Spectroscopic analysis emphasis the presence of betacyanin derivatives as the principal chromophore components. The application of dye in conjunction with natural mordants yielded a range of light brown shades on silk, nylon and cotton substrates. Thus, the dyed fabrics exhibited satisfactory light and pressing fastness, indicating adequate superior colorfastness for practical use. this study highlights the significant potential of this entirely sustainable, bio based process, thereby offering a commercially viable environmentally benign solution to replace synthetic dying practices.
red prickly pear, moringa, Colour fastness, Dyeing, thuja, fruit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eman Alsaeh, Huda Elgubbi, Fatima Alsaeh, Areej Alnajih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inclined load Effects oN Thermoelastic Porous Medium with Temperature Dependent and Rotating Medium Under Different Theories
The aim of the present paper is to study the effect of inclined load, temperature dependent, and rotation thermo-elastic solid with voids. The problem is formulated in the context of the different theories of generalized thermoelasticity: Lord-Schulman with one relaxation time, Green-Lindsay with two relaxation times, and the coupled theory. The exact expression of the physical quantity for the temperature, stress, and displacement components are found is obtained by normal mode analysis and illustrated graphically by comparison and discussion in different values of the angle of inclination also the presence and the absence of rotation and temperature dependent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alzaerah. Ramadhan . Mohammed. Aldeeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant role of Cleome droserifolia extract on cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress in male albino rats
Cyhalthrin (cy) is pyrethroid pesticidde used gloally to control pests in farming and inside homes. Cleome droserifolia extraction (Cd) is a potential antioxidant that protects tissue from oxidative damage. The current study looks at the antioxidant properties of cd on Cy-caused oxidative harm in rats. A group of 20 male Wistar rats were separated among 4 distinct groups; Group I acted as the control;
Copyright (c) 2025 Nura I. Al-Zail, Salah F. Kamies, Yasmeen A. Hamad, Salleemah S. Alweeghah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Existence of Periodic Solutions for Neutral Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Delay Using Shift Operators and Krasnoselskii's Fixed Point Theorem
In this research, we investigate the existence of periodic solutions for a class of neutral-type nonlinear dynamic systems with delay, described by the equation:. To address this problem, we adopt a contemporary framework for periodicity based on shift operators, which extends traditional periodic concepts to a broader class of time scales. This modern shift-based perspective proves particularly advantageous for time scales where the additivity condition for all and for a fixed may not hold—a limitation that precludes the use of classical periodicity in non-uniform or non-additive time domains. Notably, this generalized notion of periodicity is well-suited for non-standard time scales such as the quantum time scale and the Cantor-like union , which do not admit a regular periodic structure in the conventional sense. To effectively examine the periodic behavior of such systems, particularly those involving q-difference dynamics, we construct a technical apparatus capable of analyzing periodic solutions under the shift-based setting. Central to this approach is the transformation of the differential system into an equivalent integral form, a step that necessitates consideration of the transition matrix associated with the homogeneous Floquet-type system: This integral reformulation enables the application of Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, a foundational result in nonlinear operator theory, which facilitates the demonstration of fixed-point existence—and thereby confirms the presence of nontrivial periodic solutions within the system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abeer Al-Natour, Haitham A. Makhzoum, Safia R. Akila, Sumaya A. Khamo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solving Fuzzy Ordinary Differential Equations Using Homotopy Analysis Method
Fuzzy ordinary differential equations (FODEs) extend classical ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to systems characterized by uncertainty and imprecision, often modeled using fuzzy set theory. In this work we use homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve FODEs, and show how HAM works. (HAM) is an easy and effective method to solve linear and nonlinear ordinary differential equations. HAM does not need small parameters or special tricks like linearization. Instead, it builds a smooth path from a simple starting guess to the real solution by using a special parameter and function.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zieneb A. Elshegmani, Karema S. Abdulmula (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In-vitro Antimalarial Activity of Plicosepalus acaciae Extracts Against Plasmodium falciparum
The emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains necessitates the continuous search for novel antimalarial agents. Plicosepalus acaciae (P. acaciae), a semi-parasitic mistletoe, is used in traditional medicine, but its antimalarial potential is underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimalarial activity of P. acaciae leaf and stem extracts. Methanol and chloroform extracts of P. acaciae leaves and stems were prepared. Their antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) was assessed using a SYBR Green I-based assay at concentrations of 500, 250, and 125 µg/mL. Artemisinin (51.20 nM/L) was used as a standard drug. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for active extracts. The methanolic stem extract exhibited the highest antimalarial activity with an IC50 of 3.26±0.10 µg/mL and achieved 91% parasite growth inhibition at 500 µg/mL, comparable to the 90% inhibition observed with artemisinin. The methanolic leaf extract and chloroform extracts showed lower activity, with IC50 values of 12.57 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 13.93 ± 0.07 µg/mL (leaves), and 7.61 ± 0.01 µg/mL (stems), respectively. Plicosepalus acaciae extracts, particularly the methanolic stem extract, possess promising in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum. These findings justify further investigation to isolate the active compounds and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed. S. Kabbashi, Amel M. Abdorabo, Hind A. Farah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0