Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. It is published three times a year in the English language and covers the fields of basic sciences. The Journal was founded in 2015 under the name of the Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences.
Copyright of the articles Published by Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences (MJBS) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJBS a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSc as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJBS website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article).
Air Pollution Impact on Rainwater Quality in Tripoli City-Libya
This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the air pollution impacts on rainwater quality in the city of Tripoli during the rainy season extended from December 2023 to May 2024. A total of 167 samples were collected from seven selected locations, including two urban sites (Tripoli Center and Ras-Hassan area), in addition to five other sites representing the suburban areas which is (Souq Al-Jumaa, Al-Sabaa, Ain-Zara, Al-Khalla, and Al-Hadba Al-Mashrou). Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results showed that the levels of air pollutants containing acids and salts in the city rainwater were low and within the normal range according to the Libyan Water Quality Standards (2015) and the World Health Organization (2017). It was also found that, the highest levels of pollution were in dense urban areas, while they were low in suburban areas. Looking at the chronology, pollution rates peaked during April followed by May, reflecting the seasonal effects of weather factors, and the pollution during the spring is higher than in winter, due to the decrease in the number of rainfall and consequently the lower rates of wet sedimentation, rising temperatures, in addition to increasing the chances of exposure to windborne dust, which contains mineral, calcareous and salt particles, and a decrease in the rate of diffusion of marine salts. However, the city's rainwater remains within safe limits for various uses in drinking, agriculture and industry.
Air pollution, water Quality, rainfall, Acid rain
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Geath Eljadid, Mofida Ahmed Omran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity, Life Forms, and Distribution Patterns of Vascular Plants in Some Areas East of Al-Wuday‘ah District, Abyan Governorate, Yemen
This study investigates the floristic composition and ecological patterns of plant diversity within the semi-arid habitats of southern Yemen. Surveys conducted across 50 sites from 2020 to 2024 recorded 291 vascular plant species, encompassing 175 genera and 61 families. This reflects a notable richness in this understudied region. The flora was dominated by perennials (64.07%), with chamaephytes (39.66%) and therophytes (26.80%) being the most frequent life-forms. This distribution suggests a chamaephyte-therophytic phytoclimate that is well-adapted to arid conditions. Phytogeographical analysis revealed the prevalence of Sudano-Zambezian and Saharo-Sindian elements, which highlights the transitional nature and high ecological value of the area. These findings emphasize the crucial need for conservation and continuous ecological monitoring to protect Yemen's unique arid biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madleen Abdullah Obel, Mona Soliman Al-Wahaibiii, Rania F. M. Ali, Yaser Saeed Bahurmuz, Mohammed Abdullah Hussien, HanaA S. AL-Quhbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Corrosion Inhibition of carbon steel XC70 in two acidic media (0.1 N H2SO4 (and (0.1 N HCl) by weight loss method using Black Pepper Extract as corrosion inhibitor
Black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) extract and ecologically friendly inhibitor were employed in this investigation. According to the data, the corrosion rate in the hydrochloric acid medium (HCI) is greater than the corrosion rate in the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium. The corrosion rate of carbon steel varies depending on the corrosion medium. With an increase in inhibitor concentration, the percentage of inhibition increases. By using electron impact mass spectrometry, the mass fragmentation routes of several piperines from black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) were examined (EI-MS). Different intensities of the molecular ion peaks M+2 and M+ were captured. By successively losing simple functional groups, followed by the breakdown of the heterocycles attached to the pyrimidine ring, distinctive fragment ions were created.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma. Omar. Errayes, Ghazala. Abdullah Alshibani, Moftah Omar Darwish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The prevalence of serum selenium deficiency in lambs in Al-Gabal Al-Akhdar area
Selenium is a trace element incorporated into selenoproteins which are required for several biological functions. This study investigated the prevalence rate of selenium deficiency in the serum of 100 lambs of both sexes (76 males and 24 females), their ages ranged from 1 to 4 months. Considering the area of study, samples were collected from two areas in the Al-Gabal Al-Akdar including the mountainous and south mountain areas. Samples were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results showed that 12 % of lambs had a low level of selenium, 33% had a marginal level, and 55% had an adequate level. The prevalence rate in the age group of (1-2) months was significantly higher (56%) than in the age group (3-4 months). Selenium deficiency was more prevalent in 69% of samples collected from the mountainous areas. Selenium levels between both sexes did not differ significantly, although females had a higher prevalence level (54%) than males. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of selenium on the blood parameters
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Protective role of selenium against diclofenac sodium induce nephrotoxicity in female rats
Selenium is an essential trace mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. It increases antioxidant effects in the body. Diclofenac sodium is one of the world's most commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study aimed to evaluate the histological changes induced by diclofenac sodium on the kidney of adult female rat and evaluating the possible ameliorative role of selenium. Healthy female rat 4 month old weighting 140-235g were divided equally into four groups. The first group was received only distilled water and considered as control group. The second group animals were received selenium at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 21 days. Third group were receive diclofenac sodium at dose of 10mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 14 days. And the fourth group the animals were given same dose of selenium for 7 days, during the next two weeks, animals given same dose of diclofenac sodium. Histological examinations revealed that administration of diclofenac sodium only exhibited marked glomerular and tubular lesion included vacuolization and swelling the lining epithelium of tubules, inflammatory cells infiltration and hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue, necrotic or desquamation lining epithelium in the luminal tubules, intratubular esinophilic casts in some renal tubules, completely obscured or stenosis urinary space of renal corpuscles, shrinkage glomeruli of some renal corpuscles with widening urinary space, many glomeruli appeared with less cellularily, dilation and congestion blood vessels. In contrast administration of selenium along with diclofenac sodium induced ameliorating change in renal tissue of diclofenac sodium intoxicated rat.
Detection the incidence of Rota virus infection among children under eight years presenting with diarrhea
Acute diarrhea is a major cause of death worldwide in children and neonates. Rota virus is the most common cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis and diarrhea, especially in those countries that have not launched a Rota virus immunization program. The primary aim of the study was to detect the incidence of Rota virus infection among children in Al-Asiel Hospital, Al-Bayda City, Libya, from March 2021 to January 2022. Stool specimens from children under 8 years of age with gastroenteritis were examined using a qualitative immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Rota virus antigens. There were 100 samples from patients aged between 4 months − 8 years. The data analysis showed that 61% of diarrheal cases were positive for Rota virus antigens. Rota virus infections were mostly found in children between 5 and 11 months of age, as well as in children between one and 8 years of age. Most cases occurred in the winter. Laboratory testing should be undertaken to identify Rota virus in samples from sick children and babies, as the diagnosis of cases that was followed in most pediatric departments in medical clinics was based on clinical symptoms rather than an accurate laboratory diagnosis
A comparison study between morphological, anatomical and some elements in Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum
In this study, morphological and anatomical findings were studied. The two species showed great variation in phenotypic traits such as habit; Mentha piperita L is herbaceous, while Ocimum basilicum L is a shrubby plant. Blade length was 3.18 cm and 6.4 cm in M. piperita L and O. basilicum L. respectivly. The leaves are simple in shape, oval in O. basilicum L and the blade with a serrated edge is whole and compound in M. piperita L . The color of the leaves was dark green in M. piperita L while in O. basilicum L it was light green. The length of the roots of M. piperita L (21.6 cm), O. basilicum L (8.76 cm). The color of the flower is white in O. basilicum L and white to purplish in M. piperita L. On the fresh stems and roots of both species, they show their similarities and differences. Both species have square stems, and a cortex, epidermis, xylem, phloem, and phloem are found in the stem, as well as angular tissue cells in the cortex. However, Collenchyma tissues are spread more or less uniformly at the four corners of the stem in M. piperita L, in contrast to O. basilicum L which is spread all over the stem. The cortex in the femoral M. piperita is wide, and this is due to the presence of vacuole parenchyma tissue. The presence of stomata tissues in mint is due to the fact that the plants originate from soils that are waterlogged or partially submerged in water. The amounts of potassium in O. basilicum L and M. piperita L were variable, respectively (4.46) (4.01). Sodium, calcium, and phosphorous were found in M. piperita L (0.03, 1.53 and 0.59), and in O. basilicum L (0.56, 2.67 and 0.46) respectively. For phytochemicals, M. piperita L and O. basilicum L were similar in the presence or absence of secondary metabolites, except tannin is present in M. piperita L
A Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network can be pictured as a collection of wireless sensing nodes that are spatially spread in a sensing field. Acting as a data collecting devices, sensors can measure, communicate with each other, and relay data to the base station. The end user can consequently utilize the conveyed data to monitor and take the required actions based on the monitored environment. In this article, we present a performance comparison of two well-known routing protocols, namely, Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). Both DSDV and AODV are used in wireless sensor networks to aid sensor nodes communicate and transfer data from source to destination in an ad hoc multi-hop scenario. The network simulator NS3 is used for evaluation of both routing protocols. Four performance metrics are considered: Throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption. Simulation results showed that the AODV protocol achieved better performance than the DSDV protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.
Impact of water pollution with Heavy Metals on sea bream fishes) Sparus Aurata) Health in Marriott Valley
This research was conducted in the outskirts of Alexandria City, in Lake Marriott between December 2021 and June 2022. Samples of water and sea bream fish were brought from a fish farm. Through analysis of water and fish samples, it became clear that the water samples were poor due to the presence of high levels of ammonia and heavy metal such as cadmium and lead. And it resulted in stress for the fish and it was evident by the analysis of antioxidants that consider biological indicators of the lack of water and soil quality in which the fish live.
Identification and morphological characterization of two human and dog fleas species in Al-Wusita- Libya
Fleas (Siphonaptera) are holometabolus, flat-topped, wingless insects that are highly specialized as ectoparasites. Both adult sexes are blood-sucking ectoparasites that live on mammals and birds. As parasites and disease vectors, fleas are crucial to maintaining public health. Only a small portion of the 2.574 flea species that have been described live in close proximity to people. From it, only fifteen species have been recorded in Libya. The study was carried out in different locations in the Al-Wusita area, which is located north of Al-Bayda city in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhder area in North-Eastern Libya. A total of 56 fleas were collected randomly from different hosts (goats and dogs), whereas the examined cats had no fleas. All specimens were adults (32% males and 68% females) that belonged to two species: Pulex canis and Ctenocephalides canis. Among those, C. canis (79%) was collected from both goats and dogs, while P. irritans (21%) was collected from dogs. A microscopic examination of the morphological characteristics of P. irritans and C. canis revealed typical characteristics of both species; after matching it with the classification keys and previous studies that were conducted. Both species have medical and veterinary importance. Therefore, we must pay attention to fleas and prevent diseases transmitted by them by controlling dogs and vaccinating goats and other grazing animals.
Prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among patients at Al-Bayda Medical Center
Female genital tract tumors are common and cause significant cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of neoplasms according to their anatomical location depends on various cancer-associated predisposing factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among eastern Libyan females according to anatomical site and patient age. Gynecological specimens received in the pathology department of Al-Bayda Medical Center (AMC)-Libya, were studied, and the prevalence rate for each type of tumor was compared to regional and worldwide data. Retrospective hospital-based research to analyze data of 936 gynecological specimens diagnosed over six years (January 2014-January 2020) at the Department of Pathology, Libya. A total of 936 gynecological specimens were reviewed corresponding to patients between 15 to 70 years of age. The majority of cases (293 cases; 45.9%) were endometrial tumors, leiomyomas (190 cases; 26.9%), ovarian tumors (214 cases; 33.4%) and gestational trophoblastic diseases (21 cases; 3.2%). The least common tumors were uterine cervical tumors (15 cases; 2.1%). Benign tumors were most frequent in the second and fourth decades of life, while malignant neoplasms were most frequent from the fifth to eighth decades of life. Among eastern Libyan females from Al-Bayda region, the gynecological tumors with the highest incidence rate were endometrial tumors, followed by ovarian serous cystadenomas, then leiomyomas, gestational trophoblastic diseases and lastly uterine cervical tumors
Disease effects on individual exposure rates using Matlab tools for susceptibility-infection-recovery models
Infectious diseases with a viral origin are of significant worldwide concern. In recent times, pandemics are creating havoc across the entire globe. This paper presents a constructive analysis of a new mathematical concept that will help medical authorities to predict and to take controlling measures. In this work, we use ordinary first-order differential equations and compartmental model analysis for the calculation of the infection rate, transmission rate, and reproduction number of the patients. A new Advanced Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered model has been introduced, which has greater accuracy of the reproduction number. The prediction of a model of disease transmission demonstrates the performance characteristics of the proposed model.
Recovered model environmental compartment
Effect of chitosan on proteomics in Lens culinaris Medik plants grown under different levels of salinity in vitro.
The present study aimed to investigate molecular responses of Lens culinaris Medik. (L. culinaris) plantlets to salinity stress concomitant with investigating the role of exogenous bio-stimulants application strategy chitosan (CTS) in ameliorating the deleterious effect of salt stress. In vitro-produced plantlets of L. culinaris were treated with varying levels of NaCl (50, 100 and 150 mM) added to MS solid media and/or a long with CTS (0.1 mg L-1). The molecular level, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) for protein profile, was done. Analysing changes in SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns revealed a total number of 30 bands with molecular weights ranging from 15.2 KDa to 90.6 KDa. thirteen bands were observed as monomorphic, while seventeen bands were polymorphic, giving 43.33% polymorphism. Proteins banding was increased under salt stress compared to control induced as salt marker proteins.
An Assessment Of Water Quality For Ain Al-Fawara In Tolmeitha, Libya Using Physiochemical And Microbial Parameters
Ain Alfawarra is located in Tolmeitha in the northeastern coast of Libya and its water is utilized locally for livestock consumption. This study aimed to assess water contamination in this natural, surface water source. Chemical and biological analysis has been performed to determine the level of pollution at a private, certified laboratory. Chemical analysis include qualitative analysis of cations and spectrophotometric techniques. Microbial analysis, however, was performed using traditional cultivation techniques. Even though, this Ain has not been used for human consumption, its contamination still affects public health indirectly through probable leaking into ground water or spreading waterborne diseases among animals and through insects. Chemical analysis has shown high lead levels 0.028mg/L, exceeding the WHO permissible limit of 0.01mg/L. Biological analysis has shown high bacteria counts (total bacteria:>2419.6 CFU/mL; total coliform: 1100 CFU/100ml; E.coli:1100 CFU/100ml; Fungi:>300 CFU/ml; S.faecalis: 29.1 CFU/100 mL, all exceeding international safety limits. The findings of this study suggested restricting this area for both animal and human consumption, and then manage a hygienic plan. This area needs to be monitored biologically and chemically and then treated.
Water quality, environmental evaluation, natural water pollution, physiochemical and biological parameters, open-wells pollution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amani Abdugadar, Noura Abdulkarim, Osama Salim Mohammed, Habeb Mohammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Iterative Bayawa Transform-Adomian Decomposition Method for Solving Various Classes of Linear and Nonlinear Integral Equations.
Integral transforms can be directly applied to solve various classes of Volterra integral equations, including those with convolutional kernels and linear Volterra integro-differential equations. However, solving nonlinear Volterra and Fredholm integro-differential equations requires decomposing the integral transform with one of the established methods for solving integral equations, such as the Adomian Decomposition Method. In this paper, we demonstrate how the Bayawa integral transform, either independently or in combination with the Adomian decomposition method, can be employed to solve various classes of integral equations, depending on their type. To verify the method’s efficiency, we solve diverse examples of integral equations, obtaining exact or approximate solutions based on their complexity. The obtained results show that the iterative Bayawa transform-Adomian decomposition approach effectively solves a wide range of IEs.
Bayawa Transform, Adomian Decomposition Method, Volterra Inte-gral Equations, Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations, Volterra Integro-Differential Equations, Combined Bayawa Transform-Adomian Decomposition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haniyah A. M. Saed Saed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Guanidine as A Starting Martial for Preparing a Scale Inhibitor
This study presents the synthesis and evaluation of a novel phosphonate-based scale inhibitor using guanidine as the starting material. Given guanidine’s highly reactive nature and multiple substitution sites, it was chemically modified by introducing phosphonomethyl groups to enhance its scale inhibition capabilities. The synthesized compound was structurally characterized using FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometry, confirming successful substitution of three hydrogen atoms with phosphonate groups. The compound's performance was assessed through static scale inhibition tests at various temperatures (40°C, 60°C, and 70°C) for calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate, showing significant inhibition at concentrations as low as 20–30 ppm. Titration-based calcium analysis revealed inhibition efficiencies up to 100%. Additionally, the compound demonstrated good compatibility with calcium and acceptable seawater biodegradability over 28 days. These results suggest that the synthesized inhibitor is a promising candidate for environmentally safer and thermally stable scale control in industrial water systems.
Ecofriendly Dyeing of Silk, Cotton, and Nylon Fabrics Using Red Prickly Pear Fruit Extract and Natural Mordants.
Interest in natural dyes has increased as an ecofriendly alternative to synthetic colorants within the textile industry. This study investigates the potential of red prickly pear fruits (Opuntia Lasiacantha Pfeiffer) as a novel source of natural dye. The research covers the extraction and chemical characterization of the dye, followed by an evaluation of its application on various textile substrate, including silk, cotton, and nylon fabrics using plant based mordants, pomegranate rind, thuja fruit and moringa leaves to enhance dye fixation and performance. The colorant was obtained through an aqueous based extraction and characterized via UV-VIS spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. Fixation was tested on silk, cotton and nylon using exclusively plant mordant. Spectroscopic analysis emphasis the presence of betacyanin derivatives as the principal chromophore components. The application of dye in conjunction with natural mordants yielded a range of light brown shades on silk, nylon and cotton substrates. Thus, the dyed fabrics exhibited satisfactory light and pressing fastness, indicating adequate superior colorfastness for practical use. this study highlights the significant potential of this entirely sustainable, bio based process, thereby offering a commercially viable environmentally benign solution to replace synthetic dying practices.
red prickly pear, moringa, Colour fastness, Dyeing, thuja, fruit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Eman Alsaeh, Huda Elgubbi, Fatima Alsaeh, Areej Alnajih (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Inclined load Effects oN Thermoelastic Porous Medium with Temperature Dependent and Rotating Medium Under Different Theories
The aim of the present paper is to study the effect of inclined load, temperature dependent, and rotation thermo-elastic solid with voids. The problem is formulated in the context of the different theories of generalized thermoelasticity: Lord-Schulman with one relaxation time, Green-Lindsay with two relaxation times, and the coupled theory. The exact expression of the physical quantity for the temperature, stress, and displacement components are found is obtained by normal mode analysis and illustrated graphically by comparison and discussion in different values of the angle of inclination also the presence and the absence of rotation and temperature dependent.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alzaerah. Ramadhan . Mohammed. Aldeeb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antioxidant role of Cleome droserifolia extract on cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress in male albino rats
Cyhalthrin (cy) is pyrethroid pesticidde used gloally to control pests in farming and inside homes. Cleome droserifolia extraction (Cd) is a potential antioxidant that protects tissue from oxidative damage. The current study looks at the antioxidant properties of cd on Cy-caused oxidative harm in rats. A group of 20 male Wistar rats were separated among 4 distinct groups; Group I acted as the control;
Copyright (c) 2025 Nura I. Al-Zail, Salah F. Kamies, Yasmeen A. Hamad, Salleemah S. Alweeghah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Existence of Periodic Solutions for Neutral Nonlinear Dynamic Systems with Delay Using Shift Operators and Krasnoselskii's Fixed Point Theorem
In this research, we investigate the existence of periodic solutions for a class of neutral-type nonlinear dynamic systems with delay, described by the equation:. To address this problem, we adopt a contemporary framework for periodicity based on shift operators, which extends traditional periodic concepts to a broader class of time scales. This modern shift-based perspective proves particularly advantageous for time scales where the additivity condition for all and for a fixed may not hold—a limitation that precludes the use of classical periodicity in non-uniform or non-additive time domains. Notably, this generalized notion of periodicity is well-suited for non-standard time scales such as the quantum time scale and the Cantor-like union , which do not admit a regular periodic structure in the conventional sense. To effectively examine the periodic behavior of such systems, particularly those involving q-difference dynamics, we construct a technical apparatus capable of analyzing periodic solutions under the shift-based setting. Central to this approach is the transformation of the differential system into an equivalent integral form, a step that necessitates consideration of the transition matrix associated with the homogeneous Floquet-type system: This integral reformulation enables the application of Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, a foundational result in nonlinear operator theory, which facilitates the demonstration of fixed-point existence—and thereby confirms the presence of nontrivial periodic solutions within the system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abeer Al-Natour, Haitham A. Makhzoum, Safia R. Akila, Sumaya A. Khamo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Solving Fuzzy Ordinary Differential Equations Using Homotopy Analysis Method
Fuzzy ordinary differential equations (FODEs) extend classical ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to systems characterized by uncertainty and imprecision, often modeled using fuzzy set theory. In this work we use homotopy analysis method (HAM) to solve FODEs, and show how HAM works. (HAM) is an easy and effective method to solve linear and nonlinear ordinary differential equations. HAM does not need small parameters or special tricks like linearization. Instead, it builds a smooth path from a simple starting guess to the real solution by using a special parameter and function.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zieneb A. Elshegmani, Karema S. Abdulmula (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
In-vitro Antimalarial Activity of Plicosepalus acaciae Extracts Against Plasmodium falciparum
The emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains necessitates the continuous search for novel antimalarial agents. Plicosepalus acaciae (P. acaciae), a semi-parasitic mistletoe, is used in traditional medicine, but its antimalarial potential is underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antimalarial activity of P. acaciae leaf and stem extracts. Methanol and chloroform extracts of P. acaciae leaves and stems were prepared. Their antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) was assessed using a SYBR Green I-based assay at concentrations of 500, 250, and 125 µg/mL. Artemisinin (51.20 nM/L) was used as a standard drug. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for active extracts. The methanolic stem extract exhibited the highest antimalarial activity with an IC50 of 3.26±0.10 µg/mL and achieved 91% parasite growth inhibition at 500 µg/mL, comparable to the 90% inhibition observed with artemisinin. The methanolic leaf extract and chloroform extracts showed lower activity, with IC50 values of 12.57 ± 0.03 µg/mL and 13.93 ± 0.07 µg/mL (leaves), and 7.61 ± 0.01 µg/mL (stems), respectively. Plicosepalus acaciae extracts, particularly the methanolic stem extract, possess promising in vitro antimalarial activity against P. falciparum. These findings justify further investigation to isolate the active compounds and evaluate their efficacy in vivo.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed. S. Kabbashi, Amel M. Abdorabo, Hind A. Farah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Types of near Normality Based on Soft Simply Open Sets
This study investigates the fundamental properties and applications of soft simply open sets within soft topological spaces. We establish novel theoretical frameworks by: 1- Characterizing their relations to soft separation axioms (particularly near normality). 2- Demonstrating their duality through soft simply interior (closure) operations, and proving their efficacy in handling uncertain data structures. The results highlight how soft simply open sets bridge theoretical topology with computational applications, offering new tools for complex data analysis. Future directions include extensions to soft compactness and connection with fuzzy neural networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rukaia M. Rashed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of lead Element in Hair Dye Samples Available in Libyan Markets Using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
Hair dyes are essential to cosmetic products; however, they may contain harmful chemicals that pose health risks when used repeatedly. This study analyzed six commercial hair dye samples available in the Libyan markets, representing multiple colors (black, blonde and brown) to ensure a comprehensive assessment. Advanced analytical techniques, specifically Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), were employed to determine the lead concentration in the samples. Random samples were selected from the markets for analysis, and the results revealed that most samples had undetectable levels of lead (<0.1 µg/L) for samples 1 to 3. However, sample 4 exhibited a significant lead concentration, with an average value of 12.92 µg/L, ranging from 10.2 µg/L to 14.56 µg/L. Samples 5 and 6 were also free from detectable lead. This study emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring of cosmetic products, particularly regarding heavy metals that could pose public health risks. The findings suggest that some products contain elevated lead levels, highlighting the need for preventive measures to ensure consumer safety. Additionally, the study calls for increased consumer awareness of the risks of lead exposure and the importance of selecting safe products.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elham Alterhoni, Mona H. Bnhmad, Rabia Omar Eshkourfu, Amina Mohamed Amimn (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Assessment of Radiation Hazards Parameters Associated with Natural Radionuclides in Granite Used in El-Beida, Libya
Using a gamma ray1spectrometer equipped with an NaI(Tl) scintillation detector, the levels of natural1radionuclides in granite samples used as building materials that were collected from local markets in El-Beida, Libya, were investigated. For 226Ra, 238U, 232Th, and 40K, the respective activity concentrations range from 40.96±1.47 to 205.48±0.13 Bqkg⁻¹, 52.25 ±1.53 to 182.65 ±2.36 Bqkg⁻¹, 49.72 ±1.17 to144.32 ±1.51 Bqkg⁻¹ and 49.41±1.18 to 271.75 ±2.74 Bqkg⁻¹. All granite samples had radioactive levels that exceeded recommended1world limits for 226Ra, 238U, and 232Th (UNSCEAR), according to the data. But the activity concentration levels in all granite samples were 40K, below the UNSCEAR worldwide1recommended values. Natural1radionuclide-related radiological1hazard parameters were evaluated. The radiological hazard parameters associated with natural1radionuclides were evaluated. The results were compared to other studies done elsewhere in the world and world-recommended values. Consciously, some parameters are lower or inside recommended limits, but others showed values higher than internationally1accepted limits. The results indicate that for most studied granite samples, the radiation1hazards from terrestrial radionuclides are not significant for use as building materials .
Copyright (c) 2025 Jemila M. Mussa, Salah S. Basil, Rabea A. Ammar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phytochemical and antioxidant Analysis of the five genus Mentha in AL-Jabal AL-Akhder – Libya
In this study, significant differences were observed between the antioxidant values statistically analyzed by the standard curve obtained using different concentrations of the Prussian blue method to the extent that the five species can be divided into four groups and it confirmed by the statistical method used (standard deviation). The first group with the highest antioxidant value is M. pulegium followed by M.spicata, which occupied the second position (second group). The third group M .piperita, The last position with the lowest value was represented by M. aquatic and M .longifolia (the fourth group). Chemical tests for the presence of some secondary metabolites revealed that. The presence of Tannins, Sterols and Flavonoids in different amounts in the five species.M. aquatic and M. longifolia lack the presence of alkaloids, while there is a negative result for saponins in M. longifolia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rania Farag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Investigation of Pollen Morphology of Malva L. (Malvaceae) in Libya
The Malva L. genus belongs to the Malvaceae Juss., which comprises about 40 species. This genus is represented by only six taxa in Libya, namely, Malva aegyptia L., M. sylvestris L., M. verticillata L., M. nicaeensis All., M. parviflora L. var. parviflora and M. parviflora L. var. microcarpa (Pers.) Loscos. In this study, the Malva L. species have been studied and investigated in terms of pollen morphology. Pollen morphology grains have been examined and studied in all taxa using a light microscope. Measurements of pollen diameter, pore diameter and arrangement, pollen shape, and spine features are recorded and comprehensively studied. Palynological results have revealed that pollen grains of Malva species are apolar, spheroidal, and polypantoporate. Pollen grains are characterized by spines, which are long, slender and pointed and/or short and pointed. Inter-spinal distance between apices was a remarkable feature that could be utilized with other features to demarcate species belonging to Malva L.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wafia Edrees Abdalrahim, Houssein M. Ali Eltaguri (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities and Phytochemical Profiling of Crude Extracts from Senna alexandrina
This study aimed to evaluate the biological activities and chemical characterization of crude extracts from Senna alexandrina. The plant extracts were prepared by sequential maceration of dried leaf powder using solvents of increasing polarity. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against two Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and two fungi (Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger) utilizing the disc diffusion method. Antioxidant activity was measured by evaluating the scavenging of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical. Chemical characteristics such as total polyphenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents were determined through spectrophotometric assays. Overall, the extracts showed stronger antifungal than antibacterial properties. Methanol and n-hexane extracts demonstrated significant antifungal activity with zones of inhibition measuring 25mm for C. albicans and 18mm for A. niger, respectively. The methanolic extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli with a 13mm zone of inhibition. It also exhibited the highest scavenging radical activity at 56%. Total polyphenolics were predominantly found in the ethyl acetate extract, reaching 136.8 ± 0.03 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram. Flavonoids were most abundant in the ethyl acetate extract with 499.33 mg quercetin equivalent per gram. Except for the methanolic extract of S. alexandrina, all extracts lacked tannins. In conclusion, this plant has potential as a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Ali Mustafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some Approximation Spaces via Supra Topology
This paper introduces a new space based on a generalized neighbourhood system using the concept of a supra topology, termed a supra approximation space (briefly AS). We investigate several properties of AS and compare its advantages with those of the classical neighbourhood approximation space. Furthermore, we define and study a novel class of separation axioms using -open in a supra approximation space (AS). Finally, we explore some of their properties in the context of information system, particularly in approximation process of approximation and definability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatma. A. Toumi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Tracking Sea Level Changes and Their Effect on The Seabed Geomorphology and Sediment Depositional System in Menai Strait by Using SBES and MBES Data
The Menai Strait, a tidal channel in northern Wales, represents a unique and dynamic marine environment where strong tidal currents drive significant changes in seabed geomorphology and sediment distribution. This study aims to investigate these changes using a combination of Single Beam Echo Sounder (SBES) data collected over seven years (2007–2014) and Multibeam Echo Sounder (MBES) data acquired over two years (2011–2012). The SBES data provide a long-term perspective on water depth variations, while the MBES data offer high-resolution insights into sedimentation rates and geomorphological processes. Advanced geospatial analysis tools, including ArcGIS, were utilized to process and interpret the bathymetric data. Hillshade and slope analyses of MBES datasets revealed distinct patterns of sediment deposition and erosion, driven by tidal dynamics. The study identified significant sediment accumulation in the central channel and pronounced erosion along the Strait's edges, which correlates with varying tidal velocities and substrate types. Sand wave features observed in the MBES data highlighted dynamic sediment transport mechanisms, with changes in wave morphology indicating active seabed reworking processes. The findings underscore the effectiveness of integrating SBES and MBES data for monitoring seabed geomorphological changes in complex tidal environments. The study also highlights the necessity of tidal corrections and spatial analysis tools to enhance the accuracy and reliability of bathymetric surveys. By providing a detailed understanding of sedimentary processes in the Menai Strait, this research contributes valuable insights into the broader study of coastal and marine geomorphology. These results not only inform future studies on the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities but also aid in developing sustainable management strategies for similar tidal environments worldwide.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Saleh, Meeloud Abdullah, Belkasem Alkaryani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0