Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences (MJBS) is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The journal is issued three times a year in English and is dedicated to publishing high-quality research in the field of basic sciences. It was established in 2015 under its former title, the Libyan Journal of Basic Sciences. As an open-access journal, MJBS provides immediate and unrestricted access to the full text of all published articles, free of charge to readers and institutions. Users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the published content without financial, legal, or technical barriers. The journal is also free of charge for authors and does not require any article processing charges (APCs) or publication fees.
Copyright of the articles Published by Al-Mukhtar Journal of Basic Sciences (MJBS) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJBS a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJBS as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJBS website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article). All MJBS Published articles under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Effects of prior familiarity on female mate choice in the albino mouse (Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758): Olfactory and live-encounter tests reveal context-dependent decoupling
Familiarity influences mammalian behaviour and mating decisions, including inbreeding avoidance. This study investigated whether prior familiarity affects female mate choice in albino mice (Mus musculus) using two experimental contexts: odour-based tests and live-encounter tests. Female-female tests were included as social controls. Female responses were measured as the number of visits and the total time spent investigating each stimulus. In the odour tests, females spent more time investigating bedding from unfamiliar males than from familiar males (P = 0.000), whereas the number of visits did not differ (P = 0.813). Thus, initial approach behaviour was similar, but sustained interest favoured unfamiliar male odours. In live encounters, females visited unfamiliar males more frequently than familiar males (P = 0.000), but the time spent with each male did not differ significantly (P = 0.074). Female-female control tests produced a different pattern: females spent more time investigating bedding from familiar females (P = 0.000), whereas live female-female encounters showed no significant differences in visit rate (P = 0.792) or time spent (P = 1.000). These findings indicate that familiarity affects female mate choice in a context-dependent manner. Unfamiliar male odours elicited longer investigation, which is consistent with inbreeding avoidance; however, this preference did not translate into longer interaction time during live encounters. Male behaviour may have influenced these outcomes. The study highlights the need for multiple testing approaches to understand mate choice and shows that familiarity effects are more complex than previously assumed.
Familiarity, mate choice, Mus musculus, olfactory cues, inbreeding avoidance, dichotomous choice test
Copyright (c) 2026 Muna Agbali, Mansour Salem, Hana Faraj Abdalkaream (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Study of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Risk in Wheat Samples from Libyan Markets
Natural radioactivity has gained significant global attention due to its implications for human safety. As wheat is a staple constituent of the human diet, monitoring its radionuclide levels is essential for assessing internal radiation exposure. This study utilizes NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry to determine the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in wheat samples. The findings aim to establish a baseline for radiological safety and ensure compliance with international health standards. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 238U, 232Th, and 40K were found to be 38.92 Bq/kg, 43.04 Bq/kg, 45.02 Bq/kg, and 221.25 Bq/kg, respectively. Additionally, evaluation of radiological risk factors, such as radium equivalent activity and internal and external hazard indices, showed that these levels are within or below globally recommended safety limits.
NaI(Tl), Natural Radioactivity, Activity concentrations,
Copyright (c) 2026 Areej Ibrahim Hazawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Anti-hyperglycemic Activity of Callistemon citrinus(Curt): HPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Its Association with the Biological Activity of Phytochemical Constituents
Hyperglycemia is a main metabolic disorder associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus and plays a critical role in the growth of serious complications, including cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, and renal dysfunction. In current years, increasing attention has been directed toward natural products with low toxicity as alternative or complementary therapeutic agents, particularly medicinal plants rich in bioactive compounds capable of modulating glucose homeostasis. Callistemon citrinus is known as aappreciated source of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenoids, compounds known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit carbohydrate-digesting enzymes such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase.The current study aimed to characterize the phytochemical fingerprint of C. citrinus leaf extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to evaluate its antihyperglycemic activity, and to explore the relationship between chemical composition and biological efficacy. Phenolic compounds were extracted using an aqueous–methanolic solvent system and identified through comparison with authenticated reference standards. In vitro assays were conducted to assess the inhibitory effects of the extract against α-amylase and α-glucosidase at different concentrations.HPLC analysis resulted in the separation and identification of nine major phenolic compounds, with quinic acid being the predominant constituent, accounting for 56.1% of the total phenolic content. The extract exhibited a pronounced inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase, reaching 82% inhibition at the highest tested concentration, while α-amylase inhibition reached up to 70%. Correlation analysis revealed a strong connotation between the high phenolic content, particularly quinic and cinnamic acids, and the observed enzyme inhibitory activity.
Callistemon citrinus ; Phytochemical ; Phenolic Compounds ; HPLC-DAD chromatogram ; Blood glucose
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Mohamed Emeetteg, Nizar Adim Dabr, Muftah Altayeab Krayem, Siham Mohamed Al-Shikindi, Mohammed Alwshish, Rania Farag Mohammed, Hajar Mohammed Qusaibat (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Clinical and Hematological Effects of Ketamine alone and Ketamine-Acepromazine in Combination in Local Breed Dogs
To select the best general anesthetic mixture for use during surgical procedures on the local breed of dogs in Al-Bayda, Libya, an experimental study was carried out to compare the effects of ketamine alone and in combination with acepromazine on anesthetic parameters, on physiological and hematological parameters. Twenty dogs of a local breed were used in the experimental investigation, and they were randomly divided into 2 groups of ten dogs each. Using physical recording and laboratory analysis, information was gathered to examine the physiological consequences of anesthetic combinations, including anesthetic effects and hematological effects. According to the study's findings, acepromazine and ketamine together resulted in a general anaesthetic duration of (55.50 ± 7.849) min and an animal recovery time of (72.8 ± 10.454) min, whereas ketamine alone produced a general anesthetic duration of (29.50 ± 5.986) min.The result also showed that the physiological and hematological parameters remained significantly unchanged during the anesthesia in both groups. Since acepromazine and ketamine have a longer duration of action on the dog brain than other anesthetic combinations, they were a good choice for surgical procedures on local breed dogs.
Acepromazine, Ketamine, Corneal Reflex, Pedal Reflex and Palpebral reflex
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Deltamethrin -induced deterioration in reproductive performance of male rabbits: Protective role of vitamin B9
Deltamethrin (DLM) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, home pest control, protection of foodstuff and disease vector control. Vitamin B9 referred to folic acid identified as a member of co-factors implicated in the metabolism and cellular processes of single carbon such as biosynthesizes of purine, thymidylate, and methionine. Therefore, this study aimed at elucidating the protective effects of V.B9 against the reproductive toxicity of DLM in male rabbits. Five rabbits per group were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: control; DLM (1.28 mg/kg); V.B9 (5mg/kg) DLM (1.28 mg/kg bw) plus V.B9 (5 mg/kg bw). Results showed that live body weight (LBW), testes relative weight (RTW), and serum testosterone were significantly reduced (P<0.05) by treatment with DLM, also decreased (P<0.05) ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm output, sperm motility index, semen initial fructose concentration and TBARS. The negative effects of DLM on semen characteristics were dose-dependent. Treatment with V.B9 increased (P<0.05) LBW, RTW and serum testosterone concentration, improved semen characteristics, and alleviated the negative effects of DLM treatment increased (P<0.05) the numbers of abnormal and dead sperms in a dose-dependent manner. Results demonstrated the beneficial influences of V.B9 in reducing the negative effects of DLM on the production and reproduction of male rabbits.
: Deltamethrin, reproductive performance, vitamin B9 and rabbits.
Molecular Characterization of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) local isolates in Libya
Abstract Field observation revealed that the most common symptoms on naturally infected plants in Al-Marg City- Libya were severe mosaic, mild mosaic on Cucumber, pepper, tomato and eggplant. These symptoms were suspected of being caused by Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and confirmed by The Reverse transcription-polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The test isolates demonstrated RT-PCR amplification product of 540 bp, Pure RT-PCR product of 2 Libyan CMV isolates (3TR_Tomato, 5CF_cucumber) were sent for sequencing. Comparison of coat protein sequences of two Libyan isolates from tomato and cucumber plant to that of other reported isolates in genbank, Both sequences received accession numbers of OM000303 and OM000304 from Genbank, The phylogenetic tree generated from alignment based on the nucleotide sequence comparison of the CMV coat protein of the 2 Libyan isolates CMV isolates and the 13 CMV isolates from different geographical areas showed by MEGA X, revealed that our Libyan isolates (OM000303 and OM000304) are clustered together in the same branch but there was a higher genetic difference between two Libyan isolate in the same clade. Libyan isolates are out grouped to other isolate in the tree, this is mean that we may got new CMV isolates
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cucumber, Tomato, RT-PCR, Phylogenetic analysis
Anti-MRSA Activity using Brown algae (Padina pavonica & Sargassum vulgare), in vitro
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most typical bacteria Infectious in Libyan hospitals. Therefore, the present study was conducted as an attempt to find an alternative treatment to reduce the infection MRSA, from crude acetone and ethanol extracts of brown algae (Padina pavonica and Sargassum vulgare) against three MRSA isolates: Wound (W), Skin (S) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), by comparing with three an antibiotics (Imipenem, Gentamicin and Tetracycline), the drug susceptibility test was performed using a disc diffusion technique. The obtained results showed that all extracts of brown algae showed a clear inhibition effect toward the growth of two isolates of MRSA (W) and (S). On the other hand, P. pavonica extracts are more efficient than S. vulgare extracts, especially acetone, MARSA (DFU) was the most resistant isolates to antibiotics and extracts.Imipenem showed good activity against a tested MRSA species, which is a noteworthy results. Generally, it can be concluded that acetone extracts of P. panovica may be a good source of compounds effective for anti-MRSA
MRSA, Padina pavonica & Sargassum vulgare, Antibacterial.
Determination of manganese, iron, calcium and potassium in soil samples
The purpose of this work is to determine manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) concentration in four unknown samples of soil by two techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Then by comparing the results, a verification of the most accurate technique is reached. Since soil analysis is essential in many fields, it is, therefore, useful to know which is the most efficient and accurate technique. In this experiment, unknown soil samples were compared to standard soil samples and their metal content was determined by the two instruments. The results verify that the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) is by far the most accurate technique
Soil samples, Iron, soil, unknown samples, standard soil samples
Isolation and identification of marine algae contaminated crude oil from Al-Hariga port, Tobruk in Libya
The present work was mainly intended to study the marine algae from Al-Hariga port. The study was carried out from spring to autumn (2020). Sea water samples were collected from the coast of the city of Al-Hariga port which were microalgae, and macro-algae (seaweeds) and identified. A total of 47 algal species (36 genera) that were recorded in the study area are able to grow on crude oil. Seven species of them (14.89%) were belonging to Cyanobacteria (4 families), eleven species (23.40%) belonged to Chlorophyta (9 families), twenty-four species (51.64%) belonged to Bacillariophyta (11 families), three species (6.38%) belonged to Phaeophyta (3families) and two species (2.26%) belonged to Rhodophyta (1family). The obtained results showed that the most common Nitzschia was found with four species and Licmophora was found with three species. However, diatoms were the most dominant species in this area during three seasons. The study area had three brown algal species, The absence of this species in the port is due to oil pollutants, A total of two species of red marine algae (2.26%) was recorded in the current Al-Hariga port area with a special reference to the family of the Corallinaceae. Although some good indicators of algae were recorded, one could conclude that the study area is relatively poor in marine algae and polluted.
The polymorphism and divergence of cpDNA in Rhizophora
This study was aimed to evaluate the DNA sequence polymorphism and divergence of Rhizophora species, this study studied nucleotide polymorphism in chloroplast intergenic space between trnL and trnF genes from samples of Rhizophora taxa collected from different locations in Peninsular Malaysia. High polymorphism was found within the population of Rhizophora taxa, and the nucleotide diversity (Pi) in Rhizphora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora × lamarckii were 0.03, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.03, respectively. In addition, the relationship between Rhizophora taxa was estimated based on the level of polymorphism and divergence. The most significant relationship of the three Rhizophora species was between R. apiculata and R. mucronata which are closely related. The indel (insertion-deletion) in all Rhizphora species and hybrid was small and the number of polymorphic (segregating) sites was high, especially in R. stylosa. Intra-specific polymorphism was detected in Rhizophora according to the nucleotide diversity estimated by every population and the genetic differentiation (GST) by UPGMA method
Polymorphism, divergence, cpDNA and Rhizophora
Biological control of Zingiber officinale extracts against pathogenic fungi isolated from juniper plant roots
In this study, the antifungal effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts and crude juice of the ginger plant was evaluated against fungi isolates: Aspergillus terreus, Fusarium poae, Penicillium crustaceum, P. wortmannii. The results showed that ginger (aqueous, ethanolic extract, and crude juice) had a high level of inhibitory activity against A. terreus, with the inhibition rate equal to 91.6%. The ethanolic extract inhibited the growth of F. poae by 89.9%, but the aqueous extract and the crude juice inhibited the growth of F. poae by 61.01%, which was lower than the ethanolic extract. While the ethanolic extract and crude juice had a high inhibition efficacy against P. crustaceum fungus with the inhibition of fungal growth by 71.92% and 70.17%, respectively. It was higher than the aqueous extract in which growth was inhibited by 47.36%. Crude ginger juice had the highest effectiveness as it inhibited the growth of P. wortmannii fungi with 88.37%, followed by ethanolic extract with 69.76% and aqueous extract with 53.25%. The effect of ginger extracts on the dry weight of the study fungi was studied. The ethanolic extract of ginger recoded the lowest dry weight value in all fungi, followed by the crude ginger juice, while the aqueous extract showed less inhibitory effect against fungi compared to the previous extracts
Zingiber officinale, Aqueous extract, Ethanolic extract, Crude juice
Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Biological Activity of Uranium (IV) Complex with 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Guanidine
A mixed ligand complex of uranium (IV) synthesized from 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and guanidine (G) was prepared and studied using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and electronic spectroscopy (UV-VIS). The complex was formed by reacting an equimolar proportion of uranium acetate with 8-HQ and guanidine. The complex's FT-IR data show that the complex is formed via deprotonation of the hydroxyl group of the HQ ligand. Similarly, a positive shift in the vibrational mode of mixed ligand complexes at around 3650 cm-1 confirms their coordination via nitrogen donor’s HQ and G. The electronic spectrum of uranium complex showed absorption at around 350 nm due to charge transfer transition, which is responsible for the complex's intense orange colour, and it is obvious proof of metal ion coordination with nitrogen and oxygen atoms on the two ligands. Using the well diffusion technique, the produced complex was tested using four strains of various bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and pseudomonas spp.). The complex was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella spp.
Uranium, 8-hydroxyquinolne, Guanidine, Spectroscopic investigation
Effect of Human Growth Hormone on Blood Picture in Male Rabbits
There has been in recent years an increase in the use of growth hormone (GH) by different people for sports enhancement and for looking and feeling good. However, there are few studies on animals to test the side effects of using growth hormone, especially with high doses for purposes other than medical. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of two different high doses of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) on some blood pictures in male rabbits. Fifteen (15) white New Zeeland male rabbits were divided randomly into 3 groups: a control group, a low-dose group, and a high-dose group. Rabbits were injected subcutaneously 3 times a week for 6 weeks. After the end of the treatment period, rabbits were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected and analyzed. Injection of the hormone resulted in an increase in the level of GH in the sera of the treated animals. With regard to the blood picture results, the hormone caused a significant increase in the red blood cell count, the concentration of hemoglobin, percent hematocrit, white blood cells, and the platelets; but had no significant effect on the mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
Human Growth Hormone, Complete Blood Picture, Male Rabbits
Phytochemical Profiling and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Methanolic Extract of Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) against Relevant Pathogens
The growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for novel plant-derived antimicrobials. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial potential of a methanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum (clove). Qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones and terpenoids. Antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated in vitro against two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), one Gram-positive bacterium (Staphylococcus aureus), and one fungal strain (Candida albicans) using the agar well diffusion method. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory activity, with mean inhibition zones of 22.0 ± 0.04 mm, 20.0 ± 0.07 mm, 18.0 ± 0.01 mm, and 18.0 ± 0.02 mm against E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined to be 6.25 mg/mL for E. coli, 12.5 mg/mL for S. aureus, and 25 mg/mL for both P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Notably, the extract demonstrated superior activity against ampicillin-resistant E. coli compared to the standard antibiotic. These findings provide a robust phytochemical-activity correlation and demonstrate that the methanolic extract of S. aromaticum possesses broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, highlighting its potential as a source of natural antimicrobial leads.
Phytochemical Analysis; Antimicrobial Activity
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Ali Mustafa, Ahmed Saeed Kabbashi, Ahlam Mohamed Keshar, Amel Mahmoud Abdrabo, Wahaj M. Mohammed, Ahmed A. Elshikh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Scientific Knowledge and Attitudes towards Native Plants among Students of the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University
This study aimed to identify the level of scientific knowledge and attitudes towards native plants among students of the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University, Zliten, Libya, during the fall semester of the 2025/2026 academic year. The study investigated the level of awareness concerning plants in general and the concept of “plant blindness,” which refers to a lack of interest in plants. The descriptive-analytical approach was used to describe the intellectual and emotional state of the study sample, which consisted of 231 female students from the Faculty of Education at Al-Asmarya Islamic University, selected using stratified sampling. A scientific knowledge test and an attitude scale based on the Likert scale were used to collect the required data. Several statistical methods were used to analyze the data, including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, in addition to the independent-samples t-test to compare specializations in the sciences and humanities. The results showed that attitudes towards the preservation of native plants were high, with a mean of 3.79. There was no significant difference in attitudes towards native plants based on academic specialization in the sciences and humanities. There was also no statistically significant difference in scientific knowledge or attitudes towards native plants based on academic year at the 0.05 level.
Keywords: Scientific knowledge, attitudes, native plants, Faculty of Education, Al-Asmarya Islamic University.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najah Khalifa Mansour Al-ter (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cardiac Histopathological Changes Induced by N-acetyl-para-aminophenol and the Protective Effect of Vitamin C in Albino Rats
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (NAPA), or paracetamol, is a widely used antipyretic and analgesic; however, high doses can harm the heart, mainly through oxidative stress. This study aimed to examine the cardiac histopathological changes induced by NAPA and the protective effect of vitamin C (VC) in albino rats. Rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, VC (500 mg/kg b.w. for two weeks), NAPA (500 mg/kg b.w. for two weeks), (NAPA + VC) co-treated for two weeks, and a protective group that received VC for one week before NAPA exposure for one week. Histological examination showed that NAPA induced significant myocardial alterations, including disorganized myocardial fibers, cellular deterioration, and vascular congestion. Moreover, the co-treated rats displayed reduced histopathological alterations, while the protective group showed even stronger protection for cardiac tissue. These results suggest that VC exerts a cardioprotective effect against NAPA-induced heart injury, possibly due to its antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the findings highlight the potential of VC as both a preventive and therapeutic strategy against NAPA-related cardiotoxicity.
N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, Vitamin C, Cardiac tissue, Rats, Histo-pathology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahlaam M. Khalid, Ola A. Abdalally, Eda M.A. Alshailabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Magmatic Differentiation and Silica Saturation Trend in the Alkaline Volcanic Suite of Jabal Al Hasawna, West Central Libya
Magmatic differentiation is one of the important factors which lead to the diversity seen in igneous rocks. This work aims to understand the processes that occurred to the alkaline magma that produced these volcanic rocks in the Jabal Al Hasawna region. The study was conducted as a follow-up to a preliminary report done by the Libyan Industrial Research Centre in 1978 on the volcanic rocks in the study area. The study concentrated on the major elements of the rocks being examined. The research paper is based on twenty-four samples, classified as one quartz-trachyte, five trachyte, nine phonolite and eight nepheline-phonolite samples. The work indicates magmatic differentiation processes of undersaturated alkaline melt differentiated into oversaturated alkaline magma formed a volcanic lava flow, perhaps at multiple batches. The study concluded that differential processes occurred for the remaining magma, rather than primitive processes, claiming that the mantle signature may not have been present, although relying on major elements alone may not be sufficient to track this matter. Therefore, the study needs more data relating to rare elements, and this is one of the limitations of this work.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malik Othman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Synergistic Effects of Yeast and Humic Acid on Improving the Growth of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum L.) Under Salinity.
Salinity is among the major abiotic stressors that limit plant productivity. Basil is an aromatic plant of economic importance, but it has low tolerance to salinity. Using organic compounds, such as humic acid (HA) and dry yeast (DY), can reduce the harmful effects of salinity. This environmentally friendly method mitigates the impacts of salinity. This research aimed to assess the influence of HA, DY, and their mixture on the development of basil. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot design in three replicates, where the primary units were two salinity concentrations (0, 80 mM NaCl), and HA and DY solutions were distributed in the sub-plots. The results showed that salinity stress decreased (p<0.001) the growth traits of basil. The results showed that spraying with HA, DY, and their mixture resulted in higher values of all studied traits compared with unsprayed plants. Furthermore, the results showed that the HA + DY mixture was the most effective on growth, as indicated by higher values of all studied traits compared with other treatments. The results showed that HA and DY were of great importance as environmentally friendly fertilizers in improving the productivity of plants under stress. This could contribute to sustainable bioactive herb cultivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amal Ehtaiwesh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Air Pollution Impact on Rainwater Quality in Tripoli City-Libya
This paper is concerned with the evaluation of the air pollution impacts on rainwater quality in the city of Tripoli during the rainy season extended from December 2023 to May 2024. A total of 167 samples were collected from seven selected locations, including two urban sites (Tripoli Center and Ras-Hassan area), in addition to five other sites representing the suburban areas which is (Souq Al-Jumaa, Al-Sabaa, Ain-Zara, Al-Khalla, and Al-Hadba Al-Mashrou). Samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrate (NO₃⁻), nitrite (NO₂⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), carbonate (CO₃²⁻), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The results showed that the levels of air pollutants containing acids and salts in the city rainwater were low and within the normal range according to the Libyan Water Quality Standards (2015) and the World Health Organization (2017). It was also found that, the highest levels of pollution were in dense urban areas, while they were low in suburban areas. Looking at the chronology, pollution rates peaked during April followed by May, reflecting the seasonal effects of weather factors, and the pollution during the spring is higher than in winter, due to the decrease in the number of rainfall and consequently the lower rates of wet sedimentation, rising temperatures, in addition to increasing the chances of exposure to windborne dust, which contains mineral, calcareous and salt particles, and a decrease in the rate of diffusion of marine salts. However, the city's rainwater remains within safe limits for various uses in drinking, agriculture and industry.
Air pollution, water Quality, rainfall, Acid rain
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Geath Eljadid, Mofida Ahmed Omran (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Application of the Sawi Transform to Chemical Differential Equation Models
In order to solve mathematical models in chemical sciences, this study compares the performance of the Sawi transform with the traditional Laplace transform. A first-order differential equation for reaction-diffusion processes, a model with time-dependent coefficients to evaluate flexibility, and a second-order equation describing single-step reversible reactions are the three different scenarios to which the Sawi transform is applied. Our findings show that the Sawi transform preserves exact analytical consistency with the Laplace transform while successfully reducing algebraic difficulty in the transformation process. In particular, the study showed that the Sawi transform produces identical exact solutions to standard methods while handling variable coefficients with improved procedural efficiency. These results demonstrate that the Sawi transform is a reliable and mathematically straightforward substitute for simulating complex chemical processes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghada Eshtewi, Hozan Hilmi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Diversity, Life Forms, and Distribution Patterns of Vascular Plants in Some Areas East of Al-Wuday‘ah District, Abyan Governorate, Yemen
This study investigates the floristic composition and ecological patterns of plant diversity within the semi-arid habitats of southern Yemen. Surveys conducted across 50 sites from 2020 to 2024 recorded 291 vascular plant species, encompassing 175 genera and 61 families. This reflects a notable richness in this understudied region. The flora was dominated by perennials (64.07%), with chamaephytes (39.66%) and therophytes (26.80%) being the most frequent life-forms. This distribution suggests a chamaephyte-therophytic phytoclimate that is well-adapted to arid conditions. Phytogeographical analysis revealed the prevalence of Sudano-Zambezian and Saharo-Sindian elements, which highlights the transitional nature and high ecological value of the area. These findings emphasize the crucial need for conservation and continuous ecological monitoring to protect Yemen's unique arid biodiversity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Madleen Abdullah Obel, Mona Soliman Al-Wahaibiii, Rania F. M. Ali, Yaser Saeed Bahurmuz, Mohammed Abdullah Hussien, HanaA S. AL-Quhbi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Corrosion Inhibition of carbon steel XC70 in two acidic media (0.1 N H2SO4 (and (0.1 N HCl) by weight loss method using Black Pepper Extract as corrosion inhibitor
Black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) extract and ecologically friendly inhibitor were employed in this investigation. According to the data, the corrosion rate in the hydrochloric acid medium (HCI) is greater than the corrosion rate in the sulfuric acid (H2SO4) medium. The corrosion rate of carbon steel varies depending on the corrosion medium. With an increase in inhibitor concentration, the percentage of inhibition increases. By using electron impact mass spectrometry, the mass fragmentation routes of several piperines from black pepper (Piper Nigrum L.) were examined (EI-MS). Different intensities of the molecular ion peaks M+2 and M+ were captured. By successively losing simple functional groups, followed by the breakdown of the heterocycles attached to the pyrimidine ring, distinctive fragment ions were created.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asma. Omar. Errayes, Ghazala. Abdullah Alshibani, Moftah Omar Darwish (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The prevalence of serum selenium deficiency in lambs in Al-Gabal Al-Akhdar area
Selenium is a trace element incorporated into selenoproteins which are required for several biological functions. This study investigated the prevalence rate of selenium deficiency in the serum of 100 lambs of both sexes (76 males and 24 females), their ages ranged from 1 to 4 months. Considering the area of study, samples were collected from two areas in the Al-Gabal Al-Akdar including the mountainous and south mountain areas. Samples were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Results showed that 12 % of lambs had a low level of selenium, 33% had a marginal level, and 55% had an adequate level. The prevalence rate in the age group of (1-2) months was significantly higher (56%) than in the age group (3-4 months). Selenium deficiency was more prevalent in 69% of samples collected from the mountainous areas. Selenium levels between both sexes did not differ significantly, although females had a higher prevalence level (54%) than males. There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of selenium on the blood parameters
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Protective role of selenium against diclofenac sodium induce nephrotoxicity in female rats
Selenium is an essential trace mineral found in soil, water, and some foods. It increases antioxidant effects in the body. Diclofenac sodium is one of the world's most commonly prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This study aimed to evaluate the histological changes induced by diclofenac sodium on the kidney of adult female rat and evaluating the possible ameliorative role of selenium. Healthy female rat 4 month old weighting 140-235g were divided equally into four groups. The first group was received only distilled water and considered as control group. The second group animals were received selenium at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 21 days. Third group were receive diclofenac sodium at dose of 10mg/kg b/w by oral gavage daily for 14 days. And the fourth group the animals were given same dose of selenium for 7 days, during the next two weeks, animals given same dose of diclofenac sodium. Histological examinations revealed that administration of diclofenac sodium only exhibited marked glomerular and tubular lesion included vacuolization and swelling the lining epithelium of tubules, inflammatory cells infiltration and hemorrhage in the interstitial tissue, necrotic or desquamation lining epithelium in the luminal tubules, intratubular esinophilic casts in some renal tubules, completely obscured or stenosis urinary space of renal corpuscles, shrinkage glomeruli of some renal corpuscles with widening urinary space, many glomeruli appeared with less cellularily, dilation and congestion blood vessels. In contrast administration of selenium along with diclofenac sodium induced ameliorating change in renal tissue of diclofenac sodium intoxicated rat.
Detection the incidence of Rota virus infection among children under eight years presenting with diarrhea
Acute diarrhea is a major cause of death worldwide in children and neonates. Rota virus is the most common cause of severe pediatric gastroenteritis and diarrhea, especially in those countries that have not launched a Rota virus immunization program. The primary aim of the study was to detect the incidence of Rota virus infection among children in Al-Asiel Hospital, Al-Bayda City, Libya, from March 2021 to January 2022. Stool specimens from children under 8 years of age with gastroenteritis were examined using a qualitative immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of Rota virus antigens. There were 100 samples from patients aged between 4 months − 8 years. The data analysis showed that 61% of diarrheal cases were positive for Rota virus antigens. Rota virus infections were mostly found in children between 5 and 11 months of age, as well as in children between one and 8 years of age. Most cases occurred in the winter. Laboratory testing should be undertaken to identify Rota virus in samples from sick children and babies, as the diagnosis of cases that was followed in most pediatric departments in medical clinics was based on clinical symptoms rather than an accurate laboratory diagnosis
A comparison study between morphological, anatomical and some elements in Mentha piperita and Ocimum basilicum
In this study, morphological and anatomical findings were studied. The two species showed great variation in phenotypic traits such as habit; Mentha piperita L is herbaceous, while Ocimum basilicum L is a shrubby plant. Blade length was 3.18 cm and 6.4 cm in M. piperita L and O. basilicum L. respectivly. The leaves are simple in shape, oval in O. basilicum L and the blade with a serrated edge is whole and compound in M. piperita L . The color of the leaves was dark green in M. piperita L while in O. basilicum L it was light green. The length of the roots of M. piperita L (21.6 cm), O. basilicum L (8.76 cm). The color of the flower is white in O. basilicum L and white to purplish in M. piperita L. On the fresh stems and roots of both species, they show their similarities and differences. Both species have square stems, and a cortex, epidermis, xylem, phloem, and phloem are found in the stem, as well as angular tissue cells in the cortex. However, Collenchyma tissues are spread more or less uniformly at the four corners of the stem in M. piperita L, in contrast to O. basilicum L which is spread all over the stem. The cortex in the femoral M. piperita is wide, and this is due to the presence of vacuole parenchyma tissue. The presence of stomata tissues in mint is due to the fact that the plants originate from soils that are waterlogged or partially submerged in water. The amounts of potassium in O. basilicum L and M. piperita L were variable, respectively (4.46) (4.01). Sodium, calcium, and phosphorous were found in M. piperita L (0.03, 1.53 and 0.59), and in O. basilicum L (0.56, 2.67 and 0.46) respectively. For phytochemicals, M. piperita L and O. basilicum L were similar in the presence or absence of secondary metabolites, except tannin is present in M. piperita L
A Comparative Study of Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks
A wireless sensor network can be pictured as a collection of wireless sensing nodes that are spatially spread in a sensing field. Acting as a data collecting devices, sensors can measure, communicate with each other, and relay data to the base station. The end user can consequently utilize the conveyed data to monitor and take the required actions based on the monitored environment. In this article, we present a performance comparison of two well-known routing protocols, namely, Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV). Both DSDV and AODV are used in wireless sensor networks to aid sensor nodes communicate and transfer data from source to destination in an ad hoc multi-hop scenario. The network simulator NS3 is used for evaluation of both routing protocols. Four performance metrics are considered: Throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption. Simulation results showed that the AODV protocol achieved better performance than the DSDV protocol in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption.
Impact of water pollution with Heavy Metals on sea bream fishes) Sparus Aurata) Health in Marriott Valley
This research was conducted in the outskirts of Alexandria City, in Lake Marriott between December 2021 and June 2022. Samples of water and sea bream fish were brought from a fish farm. Through analysis of water and fish samples, it became clear that the water samples were poor due to the presence of high levels of ammonia and heavy metal such as cadmium and lead. And it resulted in stress for the fish and it was evident by the analysis of antioxidants that consider biological indicators of the lack of water and soil quality in which the fish live.
Identification and morphological characterization of two human and dog fleas species in Al-Wusita- Libya
Fleas (Siphonaptera) are holometabolus, flat-topped, wingless insects that are highly specialized as ectoparasites. Both adult sexes are blood-sucking ectoparasites that live on mammals and birds. As parasites and disease vectors, fleas are crucial to maintaining public health. Only a small portion of the 2.574 flea species that have been described live in close proximity to people. From it, only fifteen species have been recorded in Libya. The study was carried out in different locations in the Al-Wusita area, which is located north of Al-Bayda city in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhder area in North-Eastern Libya. A total of 56 fleas were collected randomly from different hosts (goats and dogs), whereas the examined cats had no fleas. All specimens were adults (32% males and 68% females) that belonged to two species: Pulex canis and Ctenocephalides canis. Among those, C. canis (79%) was collected from both goats and dogs, while P. irritans (21%) was collected from dogs. A microscopic examination of the morphological characteristics of P. irritans and C. canis revealed typical characteristics of both species; after matching it with the classification keys and previous studies that were conducted. Both species have medical and veterinary importance. Therefore, we must pay attention to fleas and prevent diseases transmitted by them by controlling dogs and vaccinating goats and other grazing animals.
Prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among patients at Al-Bayda Medical Center
Female genital tract tumors are common and cause significant cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of neoplasms according to their anatomical location depends on various cancer-associated predisposing factors. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of female reproductive system tumors among eastern Libyan females according to anatomical site and patient age. Gynecological specimens received in the pathology department of Al-Bayda Medical Center (AMC)-Libya, were studied, and the prevalence rate for each type of tumor was compared to regional and worldwide data. Retrospective hospital-based research to analyze data of 936 gynecological specimens diagnosed over six years (January 2014-January 2020) at the Department of Pathology, Libya. A total of 936 gynecological specimens were reviewed corresponding to patients between 15 to 70 years of age. The majority of cases (293 cases; 45.9%) were endometrial tumors, leiomyomas (190 cases; 26.9%), ovarian tumors (214 cases; 33.4%) and gestational trophoblastic diseases (21 cases; 3.2%). The least common tumors were uterine cervical tumors (15 cases; 2.1%). Benign tumors were most frequent in the second and fourth decades of life, while malignant neoplasms were most frequent from the fifth to eighth decades of life. Among eastern Libyan females from Al-Bayda region, the gynecological tumors with the highest incidence rate were endometrial tumors, followed by ovarian serous cystadenomas, then leiomyomas, gestational trophoblastic diseases and lastly uterine cervical tumors