Al-Mukhtar Journal of Social Sciences (MJSSc) is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal committed to the dissemination of high-quality research in the field of social sciences, published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Since its establishment in 2003, the journal has published original articles in Arabic, English, and French, and is issued three times per year (April, August, and December). MJSSc welcomes contributions from global researchers and provides a cost-free platform for publishing, supporting scholarly exchange without financial or accessibility barriers. The journal is available in both electronic and print versions, with printed copies issued upon request. Open Access Policy As an open-access journal, MJSSc offers immediate and unrestricted access to all published content. Readers and institutions can read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to articles freely, ensuring that research is accessible to all without limitations. The journal is also free of charge for authors and does not require any article processing charges (APCs) or publication fees. Aims and Scope MJSSc aims to promote scientific contributions across the diverse disciplines of the social sciences. The journal encourages interdisciplinary approaches and seeks to integrate various research perspectives to advance understanding in the field.
Copyright of the articles Published by Almukhtar Journal of Social Science (MJSSc) is retained by the author(s), who grant MJSc a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite MJSSc as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the MJSSc website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article).
The Requirements of implementing Electronic Educational Supervision in the Educational Institutions from Supervisors Point of View
The study aimed to identify the requirements for implementing electronic educational supervision in educational institutions from the perspective of educational supervisors and to examine differences in views according to study variables. A descriptive-analytical method was used. The population included all supervisors in the Green Mountain Educational Inspection and Supervision Authority (158), and a random sample of 78 supervisors participated. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Results showed that the availability of requirements for implementing electronic educational supervision was rated at a moderate level. No statistically significant differences were found in participants’ ratings attributable to gender, training in electronic supervision, academic qualification, or experience in educational supervision. However, significant differences appeared in the technical requirements domain due to years of experience. Based on the findings, the study recommended forming an administrative team to develop supportive administrative and legislative procedures to ensure effective implementation, and providing training for supervisors and teachers on the mechanisms and tools of electronic educational supervision.
Copyright (c) 2026 حسن عياد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Libya in Classical Travel Accounts and the Construction of Geographical and Historical Knowledge and Cultural Interaction in Mediterranean Thought
This study examines classical travel and geographical writings as a key source for reconstructing Libya’s image in the Roman and Byzantine periods, moving beyond purely descriptive readings. It addresses whether these accounts reflect empirical realities or instead reproduce imperial and symbolic frameworks that served Roman and Byzantine power, while also considering the limits of reciprocal interaction between travelers and local communities. Methodologically, the article adopts a critical, comparative historical approach that combines close textual analysis of major classical authors with discourse analysis, and it draws on archaeological and topographical evidence where available. The study argues that Libya occupied a dynamic position in Mediterranean intellectual geography as a space of knowledge production and cultural exchange shaped by ports, inland routes, and desert networks. It concludes that rereading these narratives through multiple perspectives challenges inherited clichés and helps restore Libya’s active role in the formation of Mediterranean geographical and historical imagination, contributing to broader debates on travel, knowledge, and authority in antiquity.
Copyright (c) 2026 خالد آدم جاب الله (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Hamziyya of Mustafa bin Zikri al-Trabulsi, on the Attributes of Imam al-Mahdi al-Senussi: A Critical Edition and Study
This research provides a critical edition and analytical study of a rare, previously unpublished poetic text: the "Hamziyya" by the prominent Libyan poet and scholar Mustafa bin Zikri al-Trabulsi (1853-1934 AD), composed in praise of Imam Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Senussi. The significance of this study lies in its discovery of a "missing link" in the poet’s printed Diwan, found within the manuscript Al-Shumus al-Nuraniyya by Sayyid Ahmad al-Sharif, granting the text dual documentary and historical value. The study employs a rigorous philological methodology to edit and verify the text, correcting scribal errors and omissions caused by the uniqueness of the manuscript, alongside a descriptive-analytical approach to interpret the poem’s thematic and aesthetic dimensions. The findings indicate that the poet skillfully utilized "Prophetic Traits" (Shama'il) to depict the subject, establishing the Imam as a "Muhammadan Heir" and a spiritual guide. Furthermore, the poem highlights the strategic and mystical dimensions of the Senussi center's relocation from Jaghbub to Kufra, embodying the deep spiritual and cultural ties between the city of Tripoli and the Senussi headquarters in the desert. Finally, the study situates the poem within the tradition of poetic emulation (Mu'arada), tracing its stylistic lineage from Al-Busiri’s classical model to its later influence on the renowned writer Shakib Arslan, who emulated its meter and rhyme.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبد الغني عبد الله محمود، أحمد محمد جاد الله (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Phenomenon of Deviation in Modern Arabic Poetry: A Reading through Interpretive Stylistics
This study examines the phenomenon of stylistic deviation in modern Arabic poetry through an interpretive stylistics approach. It explores how deviation contributes to meaning-making and shapes the aesthetics of reception by drawing the reader’s attention and prompting interpretive engagement. The analysis focuses on three major devices: shift of address (iltifāt), ellipsis (omission), and fronting and postponement (taqdīm wa-ta’khīr), using selected poetic examples from modern Arabic poetry.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد السنوسي (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Study of a small Roman head of a young boy from the Shahat Museum
This research deals with the analysis of the head of a marble statue depicting a boy from the Antonine era, which was discovered in the city of Cyrene. The study focused on describing and analyzing the facial features and details, along with reviewing the sculptural style used. The study also dealt with interpreting the expressions and feelings reflected by the statue, with a comparison to similar sculptures. The comparison aims to identify the distinctive artistic features and the influence of the local sculptural school in the Cyrenaica region. In addition, the study highlights the prominent cultural role that Cyrene played in strengthening artistic ties with Rome, which was reflected in its achievement of an advanced level in the art of sculpture, especially during the Antonine era.
Copyright (c) 2026 جميلة سالم (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soviet Diplomacy in Libya: Strategic Motives and Challenges during the Cold War, 1955-56.
This research examines a critical juncture in the history of Libyan-Soviet relations during the mid-1950s, a period when the Libyan Kingdom navigated the pressures of the Cold War. In 1955, countering British efforts to include Libya in the Baghdad Pact, Prime Minister Mustafa Ben Halim pursued an independent foreign policy by strengthening ties with the Soviet Union. His objectives were twofold: asserting sovereign decision-making and securing Soviet support for Libya’s admission to the United Nations. The establishment of diplomatic relations with Moscow provoked the United States and Britain, leading to significant pressure to politically isolate Ben Halim. The study highlights how Libya leveraged regional dynamics, particularly coordination with Nasser’s Egypt, to bolster its standing. It also details Western counter-measures, such as reinforced military presence, to curb Soviet expansion. Ultimately, the research reveals that Libya’s foreign policy was not merely reactive, but an active, independent process designed to safeguard national interests within a polarized international environment
Copyright (c) 2026 عطية سليمان بومعلومة (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Level of Mindfulness among Law Students
This study aims to identify the level of mindfulness among third and fourth-year law students at the University of Benghazi, Al-Marj branch, and to identify each of the five dimensions of mindfulness (description, observation, acting in the moment, not judging internal experiences, and not reacting to internal experiences). The Five Factors Mindfulness Scale (FFMQ) developed by (baer, et al, 2006) was used, and the instrument was applied to a sample of (100) third and fourth-year law students. The results of the study showed that the level of mindfulness was within the average range, and the students were distinguished by a clear high level in the observation dimension, compared to a low level in the two affective dimensions related to not judging internal experiences and not reacting to them, while the dimensions of description and acting consciously were at an average level.
Copyright (c) 2026 محبوبة خليفة صالح (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Teaching of Media Ethics in Libyan Universities in the Context of Digital Transformation: A field study on a sample of faculty members
This study aims to analyze the current status of teaching "Media Ethics" in Libyan universities and identify the primary challenges encountered amidst the digital transformation. Adopting a descriptive-survey methodology, the research utilized a sample of 102 faculty members from various media departments and colleges across Libya to evaluate curricula, content, and pedagogical approaches. The findings reveal that the teaching of media ethics is often conducted irregularly and without long-term academic specialization, which hinders the accumulation of specialized expertise and affects the stability of the course content. While there is a high perception of the course's role in instilling professional values and social responsibility, the results indicate a relative weakness in developing practical decision-making skills within complex digital ethical contexts. The study concludes that there is an urgent need to re-design the course descriptions according to modern standards based on ethical and digital competencies. It emphasizes the necessity of integrating moral dimensions with practical applications to prepare media students capable of navigating evolving ethical challenges in a shifting digital media environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبدالله اطبيقه (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Diseases and Epidemics in al-Andalus from the 2nd to the 9th Hijri Century: A Historical Study of Their Effects and Repercussions
This study examines the diseases and epidemics that afflicted al-Andalus during the period extending from the 2nd to the 9th century AH / 8th to 15th century CE, viewing them as a historical phenomenon with profound impact on various aspects of life. Like other Islamic and European centers, al-Andalus experienced successive waves of deadly diseases such as plague, smallpox, and leprosy, which left clear marks on its demographic, social, economic, and cultural structures. The research seeks to analyze the repercussions of these epidemics on demographic balance and their role in shaping urban transformations, in addition to their effects on economic activity. It also highlights the role of medical institutions and the contributions of prominent physicians in advancing medical and therapeutic practices. Furthermore, the study emphasizes Andalusi society’s response to these crises through preventive and precautionary measures implemented by the authorities, as well as recourse to traditional medicine. Drawing upon a wide range of historical sources, the research aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the nature of these health crises and their multiple consequences, ultimately offering a fresh perspective on the relationship between epidemics and the major political and civilizational transformations that marked the history of al-Andalus.
Copyright (c) 2026 ريم راشد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Paratextual Thresholds in Hisham Matar’s Disappearance
This study examines the paratextual thresholds in Hisham Matar’s Libyan novel Ikhtifā’ (Disappearance) as accompanying elements that shape meaning and guide reader reception. It analyzes the title, preface, cover, and selected textual epigraphs/excerpts as initial entry points that construct the horizon of expectation and outline the text’s semantic scope. The study argues that Matar deploys these thresholds with clear artistic intent: the title serves as an interpretive gateway, raising questions about “disappearance” and its personal, political, and cultural implications. The preface and the ordering of chapters foreground the novel’s subjective and affective dimensions, particularly experiences of loss and longing. The cover’s design and color palette reinforce an atmosphere of gloom and ambiguity, while also varying across editions. The study concludes that these paratexts extend the narrative architecture and demonstrate how formal design supports content and prepares the text for reception.
Copyright (c) 2026 أحلام الكلامي (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Economic Activity in The Barqa region during The Fatimid State Era(301-567AH/913-1171AD)
The Barqa region contributed to paving the way for the establishment of the Fatimid state in Egypt, Although, the Fatimid state did not have complete control and dependence on the Barqa region, while multiple factors contributed to the crystallization and prosperity of economic activity ,including its moderate climate, water sources, and soil fertility, in addition to the development of maritime navigation and trade lines between Barqa’s ports and Alexandria, which contributed to stimulating economic movement.
Copyright (c) 2026 أسامة سعد الشيلابي (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Future anxiety and its relationship to the level of ambition among orphans deprived of parental care in care homes
This study aimed to examine the relationship between future anxiety and the level of ambition among orphans residing in social care institutions. It also explored differences based on gender, educational level, social status, and employment, as well as the predictive role of future anxiety in determining ambition levels. The sample consisted of 60 male and female orphans from care homes in Al-Bayda and Benghazi. Two instruments were administered: the Future Anxiety Scale and the Ambition Level Scale. The results revealed a significant correlation between future anxiety and ambition. No gender differences were found in future anxiety except for mental anxiety, which favored females, while some dimensions of ambition favored males. Differences related to educational level were limited, and no significant differences were found based on social status or employment. The findings also indicated that future anxiety significantly predicts the level of ambition.
Copyright (c) 2026 حليمة الدقوشي (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Emotional intelligence as a mediating variable in the relationship between mindfulness and the quality of academic life among a sample of medical students at Ajdabiya University
This study investigates emotional intelligence as a mediating variable in the relationship between mindfulness and quality of academic life among medical students at Ajdabiya University. It also examines the levels of these variables and the relationships among them. A descriptive method was used, and three scales (emotional intelligence, mindfulness, and quality of academic life) were administered to a sample of 118 students. Results indicate high levels of all variables (means: 185.85, 87.95, 124.40, respectively) and strong correlations: mindfulness with quality of academic life (0.88**), emotional intelligence with mindfulness (0.73**), and emotional intelligence with quality of academic life (0.76**). Emotional intelligence showed a partial mediating effect on the relationship between mindfulness and quality of academic life (effect = 0.196).
Copyright (c) 2026 كاملة حمد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Climatic Comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, according to Oliver’s Index
This study analyzes the spatial and temporal distribution of bioclimatic comfort in the Wadi Al-Kouf Basin, located in the Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region of northeastern Libya, using Oliver’s Temperature–Humidity Index (THI). The research integrates climatic data from the NASA POWER project for the period 1981–2023 with remote sensing data (Sentinel-2 and ASTER DEM) to derive key environmental variables, including vegetation cover (NDVI) and topographic characteristics (elevation and slope). Data processing and analysis were carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results reveal pronounced spatial and temporal variability in bioclimatic comfort levels. Cold discomfort conditions dominate during winter and spring across most of the basin, while heat stress prevails in summer, particularly in July and August. Autumn represents a transitional season. The analysis also indicates a strong correlation between reduced bioclimatic comfort, higher elevations, and sparse vegetation cover. The study highlights the need for climate-adaptive tourism and urban planning strategies to support sustainable environmental and tourism development in the region.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rehab Saleh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Man-Nature Physical Connection in the Poetry of Maggie O’ Sullivan and Gary Snyder
This paper seeks to prove the effectiveness and convenience of material ecocriticism to look at the environmentalist work of both the green Anglo-Irish poet, Maggie O’ Sullivan and the nomadist American poet, Gary Snyder. It attempts to spotlight the importance of corporeal, rather than affective, interaction between people and the earth: the loss or lack of that substantial man-nature coexistence of premodernity and preindustialism might have led to the human negligence and belittling of the planet, and hence the ecological predicament. Snyder’s call to return back to primitive lifestyles and O’Sullivan’s unfamiliar out-of-lexicon diction – that might represent the language of the earth’s elements –hint at the inevitability of human-ecology bodily contact and field work in order to be able to comprehend the ‘storied’ history related by the planet, and thus deal with environmentalist issues more positively. Would we be able to perceive the earth’s plight when we are “shod”, to quote G.M. Hopkins’ term in “God’s Grandeur”?
Copyright (c) 2026 محمد كامل عبد الدائم (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Prophet’s (ﷺ) Management of Economic and Political Crises in Medina
This study examines the Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) management of economic and political crises following the migration to Medina and the establishment of the Islamic state under difficult conditions. It addresses how he managed these crises from the arrival of his companions to his settlement in Medina until his death. The study employs historical-analytical, descriptive, and partial inductive approaches. Findings show that the Prophet (PBUH) promoted comprehensive economic development, established laws and fair distribution policies, and built economic relations with neighboring states guided by Islam. As a political leader, he also reformed Medinan society by eliminating sectarianism, pre-Islamic traditions, and internal discord through agreements among its groups. The study recommends further analysis of the Prophet’s biography to inform contemporary crisis management.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبدالعزيز صالح ابريكاو، عادل محمد الغرياني (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Other in Al-Mas'udi's Book (Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar) From the Beginning of the Call to Islam Until the End The Rashidun era(An Analytical Study)
This study examines the historian Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Mas'udi and his stance on the “other” in Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, covering the period from the dawn of Islam to the end of the Rashidun Caliphate. It highlights his significance in Islamic historiography through his combination of hearsay and observation, and his use of narrative, criticism, and chronology, integrating history, geography, and the philosophy of history. The study explores his position toward political figures and events, and the extent to which beliefs attributed to Shiʿism or Muʿtazilite thought shaped his interpretations. It finds that, despite claims of methodological neutrality, al-Masʿudi shows notable sympathy for the Prophet’s family—especially in his treatment of ʿAli ibn Abi Talib and his battles—while presenting a more critical view of other caliphs and governors. He also adopts Shiʿi narratives at times and frames early Islamic history through the concept of the power struggle, emphasizing the dispute over the imamate as a central issue among Islamic sects.
Copyright (c) 2026 مُحمَّد عثمان الخطيب، مرام محمد لطفي أبو مخ (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Narrative Language in Characterization the Alienated Hero between the two Collections of “Death of Bed No. 12” by Ghassan Kanafani and “My Little Chapel” by Hushang Golshiri
Characterization is one of the most important aspects of a story's success, ensuring it closely matches reality. Given that alienation is a social phenomenon increasingly prevalent in modern-day characters, emphasizing it in character development enhances the author's skill and exposes the social dysfunction it has led to. Among the most prominent authors who have explored the alienated hero in their stories are Palestinian author Ghassan Kanafani and Iranian author Houshang Golshiri. This study, based on the comparative approach, compared the role of narrative language in characterizing the alienated hero in selected stories from the collections: Death of Bed No. 12 and My Little Prayer Room, by the two aforementioned authors. The research concluded that the descriptions, vocabulary, and artistic images used by the two authors showed the alienation of the heroes and were linked to the land or to alienation. The research showed that the dialogue was in harmony with the alienated spirit, and was one-sided in Kanafani's stories, showing the isolation of the hero, and aiming to prove the self in "My Little Prayer", and showing its fragility and defeatism in "The Fourth Infallible" and other results that we will discover in the study.
Copyright (c) 2026 بثينة شموس (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ethical leadership and its impact on enhancing trust in the workplace (A field study of employees at some colleges at the University of Derna)
This study investigates the impact of ethical leadership on enhancing trust within the workplace at University of Derna, focusing on the dimensions of justice, integrity, ethical role modeling, and concern for others. A descriptive-analytical approach was employed using a five-point Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 50 administrative and academic staff. Findings indicate a relatively high level of ethical leadership (means: 3.32–3.64) and a high level of workplace trust (Mean = 3.82). Regression analysis shows a statistically significant positive relationship between all dimensions of ethical leadership and workplace trust (p < 0.001), with “concern for others” having the strongest effect. The study confirms that ethical leadership is a key driver of organizational trust and supports both research hypotheses. It recommends institutionalizing ethical leadership through training programs and transparent, value-based policies.
Copyright (c) 2026 خيرالله أبركات (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Others as a Hell, the Problem of Isolation and Mysticism in Cioran's Philosophy
The study examines the problem of isolation in the thought of Emil Cioran, drawing on an existential perspective close to Jean-Paul Sartre’s idea that “hell is other people.” Cioran argues that isolation arises from the conflict with the “other,” who seeks to dominate the self. Society, as the clearest manifestation of this “other,” restricts individual freedom, strips away humanity, and turns the person into a conformist driven by hypocrisy. Rather than liberating the individual, it imposes a harsher, forced isolation within the crowd. Cioran therefore advocates replacing it with voluntary isolation, through which one can realize one’s essence and achieve inner satisfaction, even at the cost of social rejection. He also emphasizes withdrawal into the inner self to confront sorrow and despair, leading to indifference. Mysticism, for him, represents the religious form of isolation through exclusive devotion to God.
Copyright (c) 2026 عبدالله علي عمران (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
What changes in word structure are taken into account and what is not in morphological equivalence.
Arab scholars adopted the morphological scale as a tool to represent the structure of words subject to the rules of Arabic morphology. They chose the letters fa, ain, and lam as letters to represent the first, second, and third roots of words They also established rules for representing more than three letters in the root word, and they also established rules for expressing additions and deletions that affect the structure of the original word. However, when establishing these rules, they stated that some changes that occur in the structure of the word must be taken into account in the scale, and that some of these changes are not taken into account. The aim of this research is to explain the changes that are taken into account in the balance and the changes that are not taken into account, and to explain the scholars’ statements on them while giving appropriate examples of them. The method followed in this research is the descriptive analytical method that is capable of achieving the objectives of this research by describing these changes, giving examples of them, and analyzing them.
Copyright (c) 2026 عمر عثمان اكريم (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
University Students’ Attitudes toward Media Bias in Libyan Satellite Channels: A Field Study”
This study aims to explore the attitudes of Libyan university youth towards media bias in Libyan satellite channels, and to analyze the extent of their awareness of this bias and its impact on their stances regarding national and societal issues. The study adopted a descriptive survey methodology, applying a questionnaire to a stratified random sample of 400 male and female students from Omar Al-Mukhtar University. The results revealed that the majority of students are aware of media bias, especially political bias, and that Libya Al-Hadath channel is the most followed among them. The results also showed that the way news is presented somewhat affects students' opinions and their awareness of national issues, and that there is a variation in the level of trust in news content among channels. The study recommends that Libyan satellite channels should focus on neutrality and objectivity in their media discourse, and avoid biased methods that may lead to a loss of credibility among the public, while emphasizing the importance of enhancing critical awareness among youth towards media content.
Copyright (c) 2025 Saeid Shanan, Hanan Shabah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The level of social support for academically outstanding students: A comparative study between students at the Center for Excellence and outstanding students in public schools.
The study aimed to investigate the level of social support among a sample of academically gifted students enrolled in the Gifted Center and those in public schools in the city of Al-Bayda. It also sought to examine the significance of differences in social support levels according to gender and type of school. The sample consisted of 100 male and female students. The Social Support Scale, developed by Asmaa Al-Oraybi and Amani Abdel-Maqsoud (2001), was used. The results indicated a high level of social support among gifted students overall. Furthermore, the findings revealed no statistically significant differences in the level of social support based on gender, except in the dimension of satisfaction with support, which favored male students. However, statistically significant differences were found in the level of social support based on the type of school, in favor of students in public schools.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hosnya Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The development of commercial activity along the Benghazi-Wadai Road (1809-1909)
This research aims to study the development of trade along the Benghazi-Wadai Road between 1809 and 1909. This research explores the development of the road, its opening, and the impact it had on the policies of the Wadai Sultans during the first half of the nineteenth century. The research also examines the relationship between the Senussi and the Wadai Court during the second half of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century, its impact on trade along the road, and the volume of trade between Benghazi and Wadai, as well as the most important commodities exchanged. The research concludes with important findings that demonstrate that this road did not stabilize until after the mid-nineteenth century, that the peak of trade along the road occurred in the last quarter of the century, and that trade along the road lasted longer than any other route linking the Sahara to the Mediterranean.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ubaidullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Separate Accusative Pronouns in the Holy Quran, A Grammatical and Semantic Study
This research aims to explore the semantic implications of the use of disjunctive object pronouns in the Holy Qur’an. The use of the disjunctive form represents a departure from the common purpose of pronouns in general, which is to achieve brevity and conciseness in speech. For this reason, the attached pronoun is more natural to the Arab speaker and closer to their linguistic instinct. Thus, whenever the attached form is possible, the disjunctive form is not used except for specific semantic and rhetorical purposes. It is well known that the language of the Qur’an is distinguished by its precision in the choice of words and structures, which is among the reasons for its inimitability. This motivated us to examine the motives behind the use of the disjunctive pronoun in this divine style of eloquence, which can be summarized in restriction and specification, emphasis on the pronoun itself, or its occurrence as a dependent element following a word that separates it from its governing word.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samera Bin Amour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Reality of Implementing E-Management at the Social Security Institution in Al-Bayda (A Case Study)
This study aims to evaluate the reality of implementing e-management at the Social Security Institution in Al-Bayda, while examining differences in employees’ perspectives according to age, educational qualification, and experience, as well as measuring the impact of digital transformation on institutional performance and the challenges it faces. The study employed the descriptive-analytical approach and the case study method, targeting a random sample of 50 employees. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed statistically significant differences at the 0.01 level in favor of adopting e-management, alongside challenges such as weak infrastructure, limited digital skills, resistance to change among older age groups, and high costs. The study recommended developing infrastructure, keeping pace with technological advancements to integrate artificial intelligence in business intelligence systems, enhancing cybersecurity, and implementing intensive training programs to improve employees’ competencies, especially those with less digital experience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Al-Mawwi, Faraj Mahmoud (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Title and poetic text: A reading of the poetry collection "Yati al-Aashiqoun Ilaik" by the poet Muhammad al-Fayturi
This article seeks to examine the relationship between the title and the poetic text in Yati al-Aashiqoun Ilaik (The Lovers Come to You), a poetry collection by Muhammad al-Fayturi. The study is conducted through two approaches: first, by exploring the possible connections between the collection’s main title and the titles of its individual poems; and second, by investigating the semantic fields of the title’s vocabulary within the poems of the collection. The analysis also extends to what we call the “narrow text,” namely, the title at the level of the poem’s own structure—whether the poem consists of a single title divided into several numbered sections, or into multiple segments separated by visual semiotic markers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Senussi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Examining the Factors Affecting Classroom Interaction in the (EFL) Libyan Context
This article examines factors affecting classroom interaction in the Libyan EFL context, emphasizing its vital role in language acquisition. Interaction is defined as the real-time correspondence between teacher and students. Establishing a positive classroom atmosphere is crucial for student progress, largely dependent on the teacher's role. The article is divided into three sections. The first defines interaction, discusses various interaction types and their advantages and disadvantages, and outlines the roles of both teachers and learners in creating opportunities for language acquisition. The second section presents key factors influencing classroom interaction and student progress, selected for the Libyan context but potentially applicable to other EFL settings. The third section discusses specific characteristics of classroom interaction that teachers can employ to foster a positive environment, enabling students to develop their interactive performance. The study argues that awareness of these elements is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of EFL classroom interaction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Liala Hamed Imbarik Bawod (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Secondary Schools in Al Bayda: A Study of Spatial Distribution and Adequacy Levels by Locality
This study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution of public secondary schools in Al-Bayda city and to assess their adequacy and geographic equity in meeting the population’s needs. The research employed an integrated methodology combining descriptive and quantitative analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistical tools, such as the Average Nearest Neighbor, Standard Distance, and Directional Distribution. Data were collected from multiple sources, including Google Earth Pro, to establish an accurate spatial database. The results revealed significant disparities in the spatial distribution of schools, with 54.55% concentrated in the Al-Ghreeqa district, while areas such as Al-Bayda West and the Old Zawiya suffered from a complete absence of secondary schools. Statistical analysis indicated that the distribution pattern is dispersed and non-random, with a clear concentration in the central and eastern parts of the city, reflecting a deficiency in geographic equity and affecting accessibility to educational services. The study also highlighted the need to reconsider and redesign the spatial distribution of schools to accommodate population growth and future educational requirements.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fadel Ashuor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Barqa Tribes in Supporting the Senussi Order in Libya 1840-1930 AD
This research aims to highlight the role of the Barqa tribes in supporting the Senussi order, from the arrival of Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi in 1840 AD until the end of the order's military role in confronting foreign invasion in 1930 AD. The research concludes that the Barqa tribes and their sheikhs played a vital and important role in welcoming the sheikh of the order, adopting his ideas and approach, and even supporting him and joining his order. This support was manifested in several areas, including political, economic, and social.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ghalia Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0