Al-Mukhtar Journal of Engineering Research
Al-Mukhtar Journal of Engineering Research (MJER) is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Omar Al-Mukhtar University. Published annually in English, the journal serves as a scholarly platform for the dissemination of original and high-quality research across a broad range of engineering disciplines. MJER follows an open-access policy that ensures immediate and unrestricted access to all published content, free of charge to readers and institutions. All users are permitted to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, and link to the full texts of articles without financial, legal, or technical restrictions. The journal does not charge authors any article processing charges (APCs) or publication fees. Submission, review, and publication in MJER are completely free of charge.
Copyright of the articles Published by Al-Mukhtar Journal of Engineering Research (Mjer) is retained by the author(s), who grant Mjer a license to publish the article. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors and cite Mjer as the original publisher. Also, they accept the article remains published by the Mjer website (except in the occasion of a retraction of the article). All Mjer Published articles under the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Genetic Algorithm Fitness Function Comparison for PID Controller Optimization in DC–DC Boost Converters
DC-DC boost converters are extensively employed in power supply and renewable energy applications. Maintaining a stable output voltage under changing input and load conditions is a major difficulty in such systems. Among different control approaches, the Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) controller remains the most widely applied due to its simple structure and reliable performance. However, selecting the optimal set of PID gains that balance steady-state accuracy and transient response is often complex. In this study, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to optimize the PID parameters of a boost converter using four different fitness functions: Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE), Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), Integral of Time-weighted Squared Error (ITSE), and Integral of Squared Error (ISE). MATLAB/Simulink has been utilized to model the proposed converter to evaluate the dynamic performance achieved by each optimization criterion. Simulation results illustrate that the choice of fitness function has a significant effect on the converter’s transient and steady-state behavior. Among the tested criteria, the ITAE-based tuning yields the best performance, providing minimal overshoot, faster rise time, and reduced steady-state error.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tariq Mohamed, Moneer Faraj, Saadia K Mousa, Majeed Faraj MAjeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
BEHAVIOR OF LONG SPAN OF FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF COMPOSITE BEAMS UNDER LOADS
Composite construction has become a popular construction consisting of composite systems of steel and concrete for use in many buildings and bridges. It has been used mostly in recent years due to its advantages over non-composite construction. Moreover, it takes an important role in the scientific advancement of building and bridge engineering. This is due to the combined properties of the steel beam and reinforced concrete slab with the introduction of a shear connection at the interface that acts as a composite system. In this paper the Abaqus program was used to model the behavior of long span composite beams. Half of the beam was modeled and loaded to failure, because of symmetry in the material, geometry and non-linear behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Gabril Saleh Majed, Hatem E. Younis Eldawi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determination of Consolidation Parameters based on two different methods
Preconsolidation pressure can be defined as the maximum effective stress that a soil has experienced throughout its life. This pressure is very important in geotechnical engineering because it predicts the rate and amount of settlement behaviour based on laboratory tests using consolidation test data for structuzseres founded on clay. Two different methods of obtaining the parameters of the preconsolidation pressure and correcting for sample disturbance using Schmertmann’s correction for 200 consolidation tests performed on the soil samples obtained from various transportation projects Benghazi city, and the results that used in this paper were obtained in soil lab in Benghazi University. Pacheco Silva (1970) and Simple Method (Holtz et al. 2011) were investigated in this study. According to the test results, these methods may estimate different values of preconsolidation pressures. Moreover, statistical analysis was studied for these methods by using the Reliability Analysis software with collected data from laboratory tests. The results showed that the preconsolidation pressures for simple method have higher values compared to Silva method
Copyright (c) 2026 Eman M.Saleh Mansour (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
MODELING AN ANTI-SWING CONTROLLER OF AN OVERHEAD CRANE BY USING MATLAB SIMULINK
An overhead crane is one of the most common types of loading and unloading equipment. It can be used in civil engineering, metallurgical manufacturing, river, and seaports, and so on. It allows for cargo ascent and descent as well as distance transfer employing lifting and traveling equipment. The equation of motions of the system (crane mechanisms) in this paper has been derived based on Newton's laws. The crane overhead consists of a pendulum and a moving cart. Such a system is unstable without control, and it is nonlinear. A linearizing dynamic feedback procedure is deduced from its general implicit differential model. In crane overhead systems, the suspended load (by cable) is subject to swing caused by improper control input, which may even cause accidents. The Crane controller system is able to move the trolley fast enough and suppress the payload swing at the final position. This is so-called anti-swing control. The aim of this paper is to design a control system for the overhead system that can smoothly position the trolley while minimizing the swing of the load at the destination by using MATLAB Simulink to meet some of the specification requirements
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdalkaleg Hamad, Hafeth Bu Jldain, Gebreel Abdalrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and Implementation of Triangular Microstrip Array Antennas
This paper presents triangular microstrip array antennas for long-distance WLAN links at 2.4GHz. The proposed antennas include single patch, two-element patch array, and four-element patch array. The radiating patches are of triangular shape and the feeding technique is using the microstrip line method. Impedance matching is achieved by using the inset-feed method. The antennas exhibit good resonance and radiation characteristics. The reflection coefficients are below -10 dB. Furthermore, the gains for the single element, two-element, and four-element antennas are 5.8, 7.3, and 12 dB respectively. The two-element patch array was manufactured and measured. The simulation results are in good agreement with the measured ones. The proposed antennas have been modelled and simulated using the FDTD technique in CST simulation tool.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghaith Mansour, Alia T. Blaid, Ekasit Nugoolcharoenlap (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
According to ASTM, in soil tests, the soil sample must be dried either by air or in the oven to save time, assuming that the results of the different drying methods are identical. The effect of three different degrees of drying, air drying (25 °C), oven drying (60°C, 110°C), on the physical properties of a soil sample was investigated in this study. in addition to atterberg limits, this research looks at the effect of temperature on standard compaction tests, specific weight, and granular analysis. The results show that, higher degrees of drying may result in the loss of all free water and the majority of attached water, resulting in soil restructure and a reduction in soil plasticity, especially if there is an organic content. The clay content decreases after drying due to aggregation, while the silt content increases. Drying causes a decrease in maximum dry density and an increase in optimum water content, but has no significant effect on specific gravity tests.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enas Altalhe, Khowla Imbark, Fathia Alnaas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Today, it is necessary that effective encryption and decryption be utilized when transmitting data via the internet from one point to another in order to guard against unauthorized access. Image cryptography is a particular type of encryption technique that uses a key value to encrypt and decrypt the original message by hiding data within an image. There are very few algorithms, which makes computing complex, and it is challenging to crack a code to discover the original message. In this paper, the modified RSA encryption technique is used to transmit the image to the intended receiver with the highest level of confidentiality and secrecy. The modified RSA cryptosystem has been applied to both grey and color images using MATLAB software. Because of the complexity of factoring problem that converts positive integer into a product of two primes. Moreover, decrypting any encrypted images necessitates calculating a huge integer made up of the product of numerous large primes. The proposed technique was applied to encrypt images as the number of primes increases, which is more secure than the original RSA cryptosystem. The results shows that, using the modified RSA cryptosystem is more resistant to any attacks in the transmission of images in all agencies in the information technology era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Najeh Adam Farag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
High Channel Capacity MIMO-OFDM System Using V-BLAST Architecture
Wireless systems with high data rate and short code durations typically encounter unacceptable inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to multipath propagation and its inherent delay propagation. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier-based ISI mitigation technology that increases the power of a wireless system through spectral efficiency. In this paper, the OFDM system has been studied and combined with the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology that doubles the transmission speed and then improves the new system called MIMO-OFDM using Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST), which works to reduce the error rate of the bits, which in turn contributed greatly to the increase in channel capacity
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST), Data Rate
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Abdul Rahim Elshaery, Ibrahim Mohamed, Wafa Saleh Shuaieb (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE TRANSIENT MOTION OF A SETTLING SPHERE
This work aims to experimentally and numerically study the transient motion of a sphere falling in liquids. The different force models that represent different contributions to the total force are described. These “point mass” force models are introduced into the equations of motion of a moving sphere/spherical particle which can be solved numerically. A MATLAB® code is developed for this purpose and is validated with published experimental data and showed a very good agreement at a wide range of Reynolds’ numbers and density rations. The experimental part is intended to be performed using available technologies that we use in our daily lives. Digital videos are recorded at a known framerate and are analyzed using an open-source video analysis software “Tracker”. The experiments were performed at two different outer cylinder diameters to examine the effect of the confinement on the steady-state condition (namely the terminal velocity). Different spheres with different properties were tested along with two different fluids (oil and water). Results from the current experiment are validated with the developed code results and reasonably good agreement was obtained. Different wall correction formulas were testes and the formula of Landenburg was found to give better agreement with most of the current results. The effect of the experimental uncertainty on both the transient and steady-state results were examined and found to be insignificant for the steady-state condition and insignificant for the transient behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jabir Alsakit, Husam Elghannay, Hamza Failoug, Mousa Hashash, Othman Espag (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE PROPERTIES FOR AISI 4340 ALLOY STEEL BY BURNISHING PROCESS USING DIFFERENT PARAMETERS
In this study, we have investigated the effect of burnıshıng process on surface propertıes of alloyed steels ın dıfferent parameters, AISI 4340 alloy steel was used in this study. AISI 4340 steel is one of the alloy steels preferred in many fields in engineering because it gives good results in surface finishing applications and can be used, and parameters were determined for the burnishing application with 3 different pass depths and to be applied while keeping the other parameters constant. In optical microscope images of the samples polished under P1, P2 and P3 conditions are shown, a change in the grain structure was observed after a plastic deformation effect on the surface area. It was seen in the SEM analysis that the layer thicknesses affected by the deformation increased as the processing intensity increased. As a result of EBSD analysis, the nanostructured and fine-grained region was determined together prominently. According to the tensile test results, it was observed that all polishing processes applied increased the strength and ductility properties together. According to the determined parameters, the processes were successfully applied to the samples. Microstructure analysis, XRD analysis, surface roughness measurement, microhardness and tensile tests were carried out to determine the surface qualities after finishing operations. The aim of this study is improvements in surface properties of AISI 4340 steel by using burnishing process. Since the process is done cold, it is applied without changing the chemical composition of the part, since only the surface and a certain part of it under the surface are affected, without creating a chemical change in the structure of the part
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamdi Abdulhamid Raghs (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
تقييم حالة رصف الطرق باستخدام نظام بيفر ومقارنة النتائج مع برنامج ميكرو بيفر
يعتمد تبني تقييم حالة الرصف و المعالجة الصحيحة والفعّالة لعيوب الرصف على التعريف الصحيح والموحد لهذه العيوب، وهو يشبه التشخيص الصحيح للمرض الذي يتبعه معالجة صحيحة وفعّالة. الهدف الأساسي لهذا البحث هو تقييم حالة رصف الطرق باستخدام نظام بيفر ومقارنة النتائج مع برنامج ميكروبيفر. حيث سيتم خلال هذ البحث التعرف على آلية نظام بيفر لتحديد مؤشر الخدمة (PCI) والذي من خلاله يتم تحديد عيوب التبليط الأسفلتي وحالته وكيفية معالجة العيوب عند ظهورها ومن ثم التخطيط لمنع ظهور مثل هذه العيوب. ويهدف البحث أيضا إلى تطبيق نظام بيفر بشكل عملي على الطريق الرابط بين مدينة البيضاء ومنطقة عمر المختار الواقعتين في الجبل الأخضر للتعرف على أهم العيوب الحاصلة فيها والعمل على إيجاد حلول لصيانتها. ومن أهداف البحث أيضا تطبيق برنامج ميكرو بيفر (Micro paver 5.2) على الطريق قيد الدراسة لحساب مؤشر الخدمة و مقارنة النتائج مع الطريقة التقليدية لتحديد مدى دقة هذا البرنامج. وقد تم في هذا البحث عمل دليل يحتوي على تعاريف محددة لأنواع عيوب الرصفات وتحديد مستويات الشدة والكثافة لكل عيب وذلك لتمكين الجهات ذات الاختصاص من اتباع نظام تعريف موحد لعيوب الرصف ومن ثم اختيار المعالجة الصحيحة والفعالة لعيوب الرصف بالاعتماد على المسح البصري للعيوب. ومن خلال تطبيق نظام بيفر على الطريق موضع الدراسة تبين أن مؤشر الخدمة PCI=32% وذلك نتيجة ظهور الكثير من العيوب في القطاع الأصلي للطريق بسبب سوء تنفيذ الأكتاف وعدم صيانة الطريق في وقت مبكر مما أدى إلى التقليل من كفاءته وبالتالي الحاجة إلى إعادة إنشائه. وعند مقارنة النتائج المتحصل عليها حسابيا مع تلك المستنتجة باستخدام برنامج ميكروبيفر، لوحظ أن الاختلاف لا يكاد يذكر مما يدل على الفاعلية الكبيرة للبرنامج في تحديد حالة الرصف وبالتالي يمكن الاعتماد عليه في الحصول على مؤشر حالة الرصف للطرق.
Copyright (c) 2026 محمود أحمد خطاب, زكريا سعد نتفه, مهند عادل محفوظ, أيمن أكرم عبد الحميد (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Novel Numerical Experiments and Investigation on Energy Dissipation over Stepped Chute
Stepped spillways are a typical configuration that is used for releasing water and floods from an embankment dam. Moreover, the stepped chute helps to enhance energy dissipation. Stepped spillways have been investigated for more than three decades and in more advanced studies the flow over spillway has been investigated by numerical methods. In this paper, three models of stepped chutes, including flat steps, quarter cut steps, and Half- cut steps were numerically simulated using InterFOAM solver in the OpenFOAM package. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to determine the position of the free surface, and the Realizable k-ε was used as turbulence model. The results indicate that, among all the configurations, ​the half cut steps were the most effective, such that the energy dissipation was improved up to 8%. Moreover, it was observed that, when discharges increased, the energy dissipation rate decreased as it entered a phase where the impact of the shape of the steps was little.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdelwanees A. R Ashoor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RC SHORT COLUMNS EXPOSED TO SODIUM CHLORID AND REPAIRED WITH GFRP
This paper carries out the effects of sodium chloride on the strength of RC short columns, and evaluates the role of glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) in enhancing the strength of the column when it is exposed to the penetration of chloride ions. The short columns were prepared with a single concrete mixture of European Standard Cement (EN 197-01:2011, CEM I 42.5 N) having a water-cement ratio of 0.65 and a density of 2356.68 kg/m3. The columns were constructed with main reinforcements of 3 rods having 10 mm diameter, closed stirrups of 3 mm diameter, and 58 reinforced concrete cylinders cured in varying chloride levels (0%,5%,10%,15%) . While testing, a strict procedure of keeping one group of columns directly in the solution and exposing the other group to wet and dry cycle in difference concentrations of NaCl (5%,10%,15%) with curing time of 28 and 56 days has been followed. The cylinders were repaired and strengthened externally with epoxy bonding by laminating GFRP to the concrete surface. The compressive test was conducted on two groups with duration of 28 and 56 days, in addition to a group that was repaired after 28 days, and later returned to the cured environments and tested them at 56 days. The results showed that the use of GFRP sheets for strengthening reinforced concrete columns, exposed to chloride ions penetrations, is an efficient technique to maintain structural integrity. In addition, the experimental results of the study have been compared to the numerical results obtained using current constitutive relationships found in the technical literature. In conclusion, it can be stated that the proposed model performs of FRP-confined concrete predicting the ultimate conditions of GFRP-confined samples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naseebah Husayn, Hana Aljewifi, Oualid Limam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Dynamic Fault Detection in Automotive Engines using Principal Component Analysis based Hybrid Radial Basis Function and Input Training Neural Network Models
For automobile engines, a novel fault detection (FD) system is created using PCA in this paper. To identify errors, two distinct neural networks are used. Radial basis function (RBF) is the first neural network, while input training neural network (ITNN) is the second. The mean value engine model (MVEM) with Matlab/Simulink is used to build the approach and evaluate its performance. The MVEM has been used to simulate three faults. The outputs of the MVEM are used as input data for the RBF. ITNN received the RBF output as an input and the output were the estimation of speed, pressure and temperature. According to the simulation results, faults with an amplitude variation of 10 – 20% were successfully identified under dynamic conditions across the whole working range. The corresponding detection thresholds are 0.36, 0.68, and 0.284 for speed, pressure and temperature respectively and any error exceeding the allowable threshold will be easily detected. Therefore, the simulation demonstrates that all three flaws may be easily identified and yields satisfactory results.
Principal component analysis (PCA), Automotive engines, Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural networks, Fault detection (FD), Input Training Neural Network (ITNN).
Copyright (c) 2025 Adnan Hamad, Dingli Yu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Performance Analysis of Dual -Stage Raman Amplifier in Terms of Gain and Noise Figure
This study determines the optimal configuration for dual-stage backward-pumped Raman fiber amplifiers to maximize gain and minimize noise figure in 1550 nm coherent transmission systems. A systematic numerical analysis was conducted using OptiSystem 7.0 software, comparing single-stage and dual-stage architectures. The methodology involved varying key parameters—pump power distribution from a 1480 nm laser source, Raman fiber length, and input signal power—within a fully loaded system framework. Critical simulation findings were validated through experimental measurements. The analysis identifies a dual-stage amplifier with 10 km per stage and an input signal power of -10 dBm as the optimal configuration. This design delivers superior gain flatness and a measurably lower noise figure than both single-stage designs and alternative dual-stage parameter sets. The result provides a concrete design guideline for developing high-performance Raman amplification systems in modern optical networks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salema M. Ali, Nagah A. Yonis, Omlkhayr M. Abdulrahman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modelling and Simulating a Wind Energy Conversion System in Tobruk, Libya, Using MPPT Under Varying Load Impedance
This paper presents an extensive modelling and simulation investigation of a horizontal-axis wind energy conversion system (WECS) featuring a permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller specifically designed for the coastal wind conditions of Tobruk, Libya. The aerodynamic conversion, drive-train dynamics, generator electrical model, and a DC–DC converter are developed and executed in simulation. A perturb-and-observe (P&O) MPPT adjusts converter duty cycle to match the generator input resistance to variable resistive load that steps through (19,23,27,31,35) Ω while a 60 s wind trace (mean 6 m/s, σ ≈ 2 m/s) is applied. Average electrical power with MPPT across the five load steps is 4.62 KW versus 2.5 KW without MPPT. The improvements range from ≈ 53% (19 Ω) to ≈133% (35 Ω). Flowcharts, block diagrams that match the given models, and thorough mathematical explanations of how the impedance changes and tip-speed ratio tracking are provided to facilitate replication and design translation to hardware.
Wind energy conversion system, maximum power point tracking, PMSG, perturb-and-observe, MAT- LAB/Simulink, load imped-ance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ayman R. Khaled Saed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Improvement of Corrosion Resistance in EZ33 Magnesium Alloy via Yttrium Addition
In recent years, researchers have been investigating different alloying elements to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. One such element is Yttrium (Y), which has shown promising results in enhancing the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys, such as EZ33. The susceptibility of magnesium alloys to corrosion is a major challenge, as corrosion can lead to structural degradation and compromise the integrity of the material, especially in harsh environments. The influence of a single yttrium (Y) addition on the corrosion resistance of the EZ33 Mg alloy was examined in this work. The corrosion resistance was measured using the loss weight method, and the specimens' surfaces were examined using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the corrosion rate decreased with the addition of Y, and microstructure examination illustrated that the corrosion product film formed at the alloy treated with Y was more stable than those formed at the microstructure of the base alloy. Moreover, the corrosion attacked the area where the intermetallic phases formed, which was shown via optical microscope images. Y can be an effective alloying element to enhance the durability of Mg alloys in structural or biomedical applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Zayad M. Sheggaf, Mansour A. Alghdhban2, Fatma A. Elbhilil, Ashraf M. Elaswad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The effect of Curing time and temperature on Cathodic Disbondment Behavior of Epoxy-Coated Steel in Marine Environments
Protecting steel structures from corrosion in various environments typically involves coating and cathodic protection. Multiple factors affect the rate at which a coating disbonds, including curing time, temperature, surface preparation, and coating thickness. Numerous research studies have investigated the mechanisms behind blister formation and growth. This study focuses on how the curing temperature affects the number of blisters, blister diameters, and disbanded steel coated with a 100µm epoxy resin. The results show that as the curing time increases for cathodically protected and unprotected samples, the time taken for initial disbonding is prolonged. It is worth noting that the blistering time is longer in polarized samples than in non-polarized ones, regardless of the curing temperature. In addition, blister formation is less frequent in polarized samples than non-polarised ones. As the curing temperature increases, the disbonding area decreases in protected and cathodically unprotected conditions. It has been observed that the size of blisters decreases with higher curing temperatures in protected samples. At the same time, it increases with rising cure temperatures when the system is in protection mode. Notably, the disbonding rates in unprotected samples exceed those in protected samples at all curing temperatures.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rafaa M. R. Esmaael, Dawod H. Elabar, Mohamed A. Gebril, Farag Haidar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Transfer Learning in Convolution Neural Network for Brain Tumor Detection Using a Small Training Dataset
Tumors are a significant risk in today's medical field, requiring fast and reliable automated techniques for detection, particularly for brain tumors. Accurate detection is crucial for effective treatment and saving lives. Various image processing techniques aid doctors in providing appropriate treatment. Manual or human-based identification of brain tumors using MRI images is time-consuming and prone to inaccuracies, especially for an experienced person. Deep learning algorithms have introduced effective solutions for brain tumor detection. The one constraint is that the algorithms need to train on a huge amount of data for reliable performance. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of transfer learning for brain tumor detection using a small training dataset regardless of the tumor type. Therefore, we have used three models of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN): traditional model, enhanced model, and transfer learning-based model. The average results have shown that the transfer learning-based model has better performance on the small training dataset than traditional and enhanced models, with a classification accuracy reached 92%.
Copyright (c) 2024 khamis Faraj Aljribi, Mohammed Elhadi Faraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimized Renewable Energy Control for Multi-Function Buildings with Shiftable Loads
The increasing integration of distributed and intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, is transforming the energy landscape, posing significant challenges for reliably delivering power to loads that fluctuate throughout the day and year. This research focuses on the development of a detailed model for a small-scale microgrid that powers a multi-functional building, incorporating a combination of renewable energy systems like wind turbines and photovoltaic panels, supplemented by battery and thermal storage, with grid power serving as a backup. The inclusion of both residential and commercial spaces within the building is intended to create a more balanced and predictable energy demand profile. Using a blend of historical meter readings and simulation-based modeling, two annual load profiles are developed to represent the building’s electricity and hot-water consumption patterns. To meet these demands, battery storage is employed for electricity, while hot-water needs are managed through a central thermal storage system. A carefully designed energy dispatch algorithm is implemented to prioritize the distribution of available renewable power either directly to the load or to storage systems while respecting operational constraints related to power flow and storage capacity. The system design aims to optimize the sizing of the microgrid components to minimize total costs while achieving high renewable energy penetration and minimizing curtailment. Simulation results reveal that a multi-functional building, due to its more consistent load throughout the day and across seasons, achieves a lower energy cost per unit delivered compared to a purely residential building, making it a more cost-effective solution for integrating renewable energy. The study uses typical domestic and commercial load patterns based on historical data to simulate realistic energy demand. Residential loads peak in the mornings and evenings, while commercial loads peak during daytime hours. Seasonal changes are also considered to reflect annual load variation.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ibrahim Aldaouab, Ahmad B.G. Abdalla, Anis Issa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Robust Detection Technique in Cooperative Radio Networks
Traditional spectrum management reserves most of the spectrum for licensed users with exclusive access. To address spectrum scarcity, it is crucial to explore unlicensed operations in licensed bands so the interference between the Primary Users (PU) and Secondary Users (SU) is prevented. The success of Cognitive Radio (CR) networks depends on robust security measures to avoid misuse and to ensure trust among nodes, requiring mechanisms to distinguish primary from secondary user signals. While secondary users enhance spectrum utilization by sensing and accessing available frequencies, this capability introduces security risks. Malicious users can exploit the system to disrupt operations and degrade frequency determination performance. To mitigate these issues, the proposed scheme integrates advanced security measures based on trust and weight values to ensure secure spectrum access. It evaluated the trustworthiness of each SU using location coordinates and received signal strength. SUs performs independent frequency determination and submit data to a Fusion Center (FC) The FC combines local sensing results with trust weights and applies some rules to detect primary user presence reliably. A Limited Threshold Range (LTR) mechanism is proposed to minimize the impact of low-trust users by reducing their influence on decision-making. The LTR ensures that users from the threshold value contribute less to the decision and the visa-versa. This approach leads to enhancing decision accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmoud Ali Ammar, Abderazag Masoud, Ali Farig Kaeib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Robust Solar Energy Tracking System Using Data Logger
Recent advancements in solar energy technology have gained mo-mentum globally, with commercial solar power platforms becom-ing increasingly accessible in various regions. Over the past few decades, renewable energy sources have garnered significant inter-est, with solar energy standing out as one of the most vital. This energy source is environmentally friendly, producing no pollution, and remains naturally abundant without human control, making solar systems indispensable in modern power generation. Solar tracking technologies are designed to ensure that the solar panel surface aligns perpendicularly with incoming sunlight to optimize solar energy harnessing. This alignment maximizes light absorp-tion, enabling the highest electrical energy output. Specifically, when sunlight strikes the panel at a perpendicular angle, it gener-ates peak efficiency in energy conversion. This work focuses on developing a two-axis solar tracking system equipped with a data logger to record voltage and current readings from the solar panel. Sensors connected to an Arduino board are the system's primary controller, sending signals to motors that adjust the panel's position based on input from light-dependent resistors (LDRs). A Pyra-nometer, aligned with the solar panel, was used to provide accurate solar radiation and weather data. The system was validated to en-sure reliable performance, with collected data aiding in power anal-ysis and statistics.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mahmoud Ali Ammar, Ali Farig kaeib, Mohammed Alshreef (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Symbolic Regression for the Wall Effect on a Settling Sphere in a Circular Cylinder
The main contribution of the current paper is to provide symbolic regression-based correlations for the wall correction factor of a sphere settling in a static fluid confined in an infinitely long circular cylinder. The first correlation will be valid for the entire spectrum of the flow regimes that range from the creeping flow regime up to the turbulent flow regime. While the second correlation is compact and only valid in the creeping flow regime, it accurately reassembles Haberman and Sayre's complicated analytical formula (David Taylor Model Basin Report No. 1143, Washington, D. C, US Navy Dept, 1958). A review of the available data and correlations is made to justify the selection of the data used in generating the correlation. This is followed by feeding a representative data to a symbolic regression software, selecting a dependency of the parameter of interest, running the software and selecting a correlation that has a relatively small length with good accuracy among the resulting suggested formulas. We used a small volume of training data from experiments to feed the symbolic regression machine-learning algorithm. The developed formula compared reasonably well with the available data and can extrapolate beyond its training data range. For the correlation limited for the creeping flow regime, the training data was obtained by solving a set of equations that constitute the Haberman and Sayre analytical formula. The obtained expression compared well when compared to the exact solution.
Copyright (c) 2024 Husam A. Elghannay, Yousef M. F. El Hasadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Simulation Of Dehydration Process By Using Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether (Egbe)
The raw natural gas extracted from production wells contains many impurities such as oil, sulphur, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other impurities. Among these impurities that must be removed in order to achieve the specifications of the liquid natural gas (LNG) is a water vapor. Because free water causes hydrate formation in transport pipelines and in addition to corrosion when combine with acid gases, resulting in heavy losses in maintenance costs of transport pipelines. For these reasons, natural gas must be dehydrated. The most common methods is Glycol dehydration process, and this process has a good results. In this paper, we have suggested a solvent and simulated it and proof its effectiveness in dissolving the water and dehydration the gas instead of using Tri-ethylene Glycol (TEG). This solvent is Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether (EGBE), It is used widely as a solvent in surface coatings, and used in metal and household cleaners. It isn’t use in previously natural gas processing. The comparison between glycol types done by Aspen Hysys (glycol package model approach) and according to the dry gas specifications, the simulation results show that: the appropriate flow rate for EG, DEG, TEG, TREG and EGBE are 500 Kgmol/h, 429.5 Kgmol/h, 337.1 Kgmol/h, 80 Kgmol/h and 25.3 Kgmol/h, respectively. Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether prove a high the efficiency it in dissolving the water with a little flow rate, as well as decrease the energy required for the operation. This paper looks to the use of EGBE as an alternative to TEG for its high efficacy in dissolving water, also significant decrease in the cost of dehydration gas about 98.7 x 109 $/Year].
Copyright (c) 2024 Abdualfatah S. Mahmod, Abdrabba I. Hassan, Rasha A. Alabd (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and comparison of symmetric compensation method for DWDM system and WDM by using optisystem
Optical fibers are used in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks for transmitting data in the form of light pulses between the transmitter and the receiver. Multiple signals could potentially be transmitted at once using WDM systems. The light signals, however, lose strength as they move through the fiber over a significant distance. Therefore, to restore the original signal after a specific amount of time has passed since light propagation, all light signals must be amplified simultaneously. With increasing distance, the signal is exposed to less dispersion because of the employment of two different types of optical fibers, referred to as Dispersion fibers. The SMF type was enhanced with compensation fiber (DCF), and the outcomes of the two designs were contrasted to decide which is the greatest and most dependable. Using the Optisystem program, this study simulates a four-channel optical communication system and tests it at various distances to determine the ideal distance at which the most data may be communicated. Analysis of the data led to the calculation of crucial parameters such as the Q-factor, BER, and eye diagram, The results varied depending on the length of the cable and the rate of transmitted data.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ali F. Kaeib, Lamia K. Amhimmed, Sajeda J. Aldridi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Top Glass Cover Effect on the Performance of a Parabolic Trough Solar Receiver
Solar energy is a promising solution to the rapidly increasing energy consumption. The parabolic trough collector (PTC) can be a practical solution, particularly in providing domestic water heating in developing countries. The impact of the glass envelope on PTC performance has been investigated extensively. However, only a few studies have investigated the effects of a flat-top glass cover. This study examines the impact of a top glass cover on the PTC performance by manufacturing two identical PTCs, one with a top glass cover and the other without a top cover. The top-covered collector showed a higher maximum absorber surface temperature (11%) and higher maximum water temperature (4%) than the temperatures of uncovered PTC. The results also showed that the theoretical efficiency was %56.9 and the experimental efficiency was %50.4. Installing the glass cover has led to a gain in theoretical thermal efficiency by 5% and in experimental thermal efficiency by 4%. The study recommends that future studies improve the reflecting mirrors and increase the size of the prototype.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamed Eltarkawe, Ali A.A. Adam, Hasan A. H. Husayn (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modelling and simulation of flexural behavior for reinforced concrete beams using ANSYS
Over the last twenty years, many investigators are used finite element software, to validate and compare the FE results with their experimental research. This work focused on the development of a numerical model implemented by the ANSYS 2022R2 software, to simulate the flexural behavior of the RC beam. Numerical models are tested under four-point bending. To investigate the influence of reinforcement steel ratio and compressive strength of concrete on the flexural capacity of the model. The results indicated that the Finite Element model was able to predict the flexural behavior of the experimental test beam. Furthermore, the influence of different tensile reinforcement ratios has the most effect on the flexural behaviour of the FE models at maximum loads. While the change in concrete compressive strength has affected the flexural performance of the models. This influence shows slight increases in the first crack load and maximum loads of the models. Furthermore, cracking pattern behaviour at the final stage for numerical models showed a good agreement with experimental cracks behaviour.
Copyright (c) 2023 Al-Mukhtar Journal of Engineering Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Vibration damping using granular materials
The aim of this paper is to study experimentally and numerically the effects of vibration amplitude and frequency on the performance of granular systems, with a view to optimizing their use in reducing vibrations typically experienced in machinery. Granular material systems are highly nonlinear systems and, as such, have multiple factors that will affect any experiment. This nature of granular material systems caused some discrepancies between experiment results and the simulations of mathematical models. However, the nonlinear aspect of particle damping restricted researching its theory, but the experiment research has largely surmounted that limitation. Experimental results suggested several damping theories. Accordingly, the ability to reduce vibrations of particle dampers depends on several external and internal factors. The two external factors are excitation amplitude and its frequency, whereas the internal factors are related to the properties of the particles and the size of the container. Other internal factors relate to the mass ratio of total particles to the primary structure and particle placement. The experimental work included developing a computational single degree of freedom (SDOF) model to provide better understanding of the effect of shock vibration and work with the future experimental work.
Development of Drag Coefficient Correlations for Circular Cylinder Using Turingbot Symbolic Regression Software
The current paper provides a symbolic regression-based correlation for the drag coefficient for circular cylinder. The correlation is intended to be applicable over a wide range of flow regimes namely that range from the creeping flow regime up to the turbulent flow regime. Demo version of TuringBot symbolic regression software was used to develop different correlations using different sets of data. Experimental set of data was used in one run whereas steady numerical results for Reynolds number up to ~ 25 were used in generating a second set of formulas. In a different run data generated using Sucker and Brauwer (Wärme-und Stoffübertragung, 1975. 8: p. 149-158) correlation with uniform distribution in each order of magnitude was used to obtain a different set of correlations. The data was generated across five orders of magnitude of change of Re. Among all suggested formulas in the three cases, four correlations are considered for their simplicity and accuracy. The predictions of the correlations ranged from reasonably good to very good as compared to existing data and correlations. The relative error of the four developed correlations ranged between 9% and 16% when compared to experimental data for Reynolds numbers ranging from 1-105. In particular, one correlations was able to capture all the qualitative and quantitative changes in the drag coefficient over the different flow regimes for 0.15 < Re < 105. The relative error of this correlation was comparable to Sucker and Brauwer correlation.
A survivable Point-to-Point (PTP) Wireless Transmission Based On Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) Technique
Wireless transmission can be affected by severe weather conditions such as heavy rain. Such a temporary weather condition leads to decrease the received power and thus reduce the signal-to-noise ratio, which degrades the overall performance. In some cases, in which a high bit rate is being transmitted where a specific amount of signal-to-noise ratio is required, the wireless transmission drops down completely. Adaptive Coding and Modulation technique could provide the feature of adaptation during transmission. In Adaptive Coding and Modulation, transmission parameters such as modulation scheme and/ or code rate can be altered based on signal-to-noise ratio measurements. In this paper, a survivable point-to-point wireless transmission was established using Adaptive Coding and Modulation technology. A concentration on the Adaptive Modulation was made in this work by using the AF-11FX equipment which is capable of modulate carriers using different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM, and 1024QAM). In this context, the wireless point-to-point link was examined with and without the use of Adaptive Modulation. A survivable transmission was achieved in which an automatic switching mechanism is performed among the aforementioned modulation schemes based on signal-to-noise ratio measurements, which led to increase the average transmission rate.